Examination arrangement

Course content

The course Advanced Fenestration Materials and Technologies addresses miscellaneous aspects of fenestration, windows, glazings and various materials and technologies applied for daylight and solar radiation purposes, with a focus on new and advanced technologies, including experimental investigations. Possible pathways for future materials and technologies will be discussed. Examples of fenestration materials and technologies are e.g. multilayer glazing, suspended films, vacuum glazing, low-emissivity coatings, smart windows (e.g. electrochromic materials), solar cell glazing, self-cleaning glazing, aerogels, glazing cavity gas fills, spacers, frames, glass facade systems, phase change material window products, integrated production, air sandwiches, and finally, future advanced materials and solutions yet to be thought of. Note that the advanced materials and solutions may also in principle be very simple. Some topics will be given a higher emphasis, like e.g. electrochromic windows and solar radiation glazing factors. Furthermore, a higher emphasis will be given on materials technology development than on various technological solutions. Different properties, requirements and possibilities will be treated. Advantages and disadvantages of the miscellaneous fenestration materials and technologies will be discussed. Understanding different physical processes will be important, like e.g. thermal transport as solid state conduction, gas conduction, radiation conduction and convection conduction, daylight and solar radiation transmittance, absorbance and reflectance, various surface effects, interaction between various materials, etc. The students taking the course will also be challenged to come up with new and possible fenestration technologies themselves.

Learning outcome

Obtain an overview and deeper understanding about advanced fenestration materials and technologies, e.g. with respect to: Multilayer glazing, suspended films, vacuum glazing, low-emissivity coatings, smart windows (e.g. electrochromic materials), solar cell glazing, self-cleaning glazing, aerogels, glazing cavity gas fills, spacers, frames, glass facade systems, phase change material window products, integrated production, air sandwiches, and finally, future advanced materials and solutions yet to be thought of. The students are to obtain an understanding of different physical processes, like e.g. thermal transport as solid state conduction, gas conduction, radiation conduction and convection conduction, daylight and solar radiation transmittance, absorbance and reflectance, various surface effects, interaction between various materials, etc. Finally, there is also a goal that the students will be creative and try to come up with new and possible fenestration technologies themselves.

Learning methods and activities

The tuition in the course Advanced Fenestration Materials and Technologies will mainly be based on a guided self-tuition. A few introductory and summary lectures/colloquiums will be given, though (also according to need). The curriculum is based on the given lectures and on the scientific journal articles given in the curriculum literature list.

Specific conditions

Recommended previous knowledge

- General knowledge about building materials and their properties, requirements and possibilities. - General knowledge about building physics, expecially concerning solar radiation and thermal transport, but also other aspects like e.g. various climate exposures in general.

Required previous knowledge

- General knowledge about building materials and building physics. - Basic solar radiation and thermal transport knowledge. - Basic knowledge in mathematics, physics and chemistry. Note that if you wish to follow the course the semester it runs, but are not affiliated with the PhD programme in Engineering, please contact phd@ibm.ntnu.no.

Course materials

A substantial part of the curriculum stems from studies which have been performed at NTNU and published as scientific articles. Within this curriculum some of the articles will be given more emphasis than others. A few of the articles form background material related to thermal transport, while some other articles give a lot of experimental details on specific electrochromic materials, and not all of this information will constitute an essential part of the curriculum. These aspects will be clarified at the start-up of the course, and may vary somewhat from year to year. The curriculum is based on the scientific journal articles given in the literature list below, which may be subject to changes: A. Azens, E. Avendaño, J. Backholm, L. Berggren, G. Gustavsson, R. Karmhag, G. A. Niklasson, A. Roos and C. G. Granqvist, "Flexible Foils with Electrochromic Coatings: Science, Technology and Applications", Materials Science and Engineering B, 119, 214-223, 2005. R. Baetens, B. P. Jelle and A. Gustavsen, "Properties, Requirements and Possibilities of Smart Windows for Dynamic Daylight and Solar Energy Control in Buildings: A State-of-the-Art Review", Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 94, 87-105, 2010. R. Baetens, B. P. Jelle and A. Gustavsen, "Aerogel Insulation for Building Applications: A State-of-the-Art Review", Energy and Buildings, 43, 761-769, 2011. S. Bhadra, D. Khastgir, N. K. Singha and J. H. Lee, "Progress in Preparation, Processing and Applications of Polyaniline", Progress in Polymer Science, 34, 783-810, 2009. S. K. Deb, "Opportunities and Challenges in Science and Technology of WO3 for Electrochromic and Related Applications", Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 92, 245-258, 2008. T. Gao, B. P. Jelle and A. Gustavsen, "Antireflection Properties of Monodisperse Hollow Silica Nanospheres", Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing, 110, 65-70, 2013. T. Gao, B. P. Jelle and A. Gustavsen, "Core-Shell-Typed Ag@SiO2 Nanoparticles as Solar Selective Coating Materials", Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 15:1370, 1-9, 2013. T. Gao, B. P. Jelle, L. I. C. Sandberg and A. Gustavsen, "Monodisperse Hollow Silica Nanospheres for Nano Insulation Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Life Cycle Assessment", ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 5, 761-767, 2013. T. Gao and B. P. Jelle, "Visible-Light-Driven Photochromism of Hexagonal Sodium Tungsten Bronze Nanorods", The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 117, 13753-13761, 2013. T. Gao and B. P. Jelle, "Paraotwayite-Type α-Ni(OH)2 Nanowires: Structural, Optical and Electrochemical Properties", Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 117, 17294-17302, 2013. T. Gao, B. P. Jelle, T. Ihara and A. Gustavsen, "Insulating Glazing Units with Silica Aerogel Granules: The Impact of Particle Size", Applied Energy, 128, 27-34, 2014. T. Gao, B. P. Jelle, A. Gustavsen and J. He, "Lightweight and Thermally Insulating Aerogel Glass Materials", Accepted for publication in Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing, 2014. C. G. Granqvist, "Electrochromic Tungsten Oxide Films: Review of Progress 1993-1998", Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 60, 201-262, 2000. C. G. Granqvist, E. Avendaño and A. Azens, "Electrochromic Coatings and Devices: Survey of Some Recent Advances", Thin Solid Films, 442, 201-211, 2003. C. G. Granqvist, "Oxide Electrochromics: An Introduction to Devices and Materials", Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 99, 1-13, 2012. S. Grynning, A. Gustavsen, B. Time and B. P. Jelle, "Windows in the Buildings of Tomorrow: Energy Losers or Energy Gainers?", Energy and Buildings, 61, 185-192, 2013. A. Gustavsen, D. Arasteh, B. P. Jelle, C. Curcija and C. Kohler, "Developing Low-Conductance Window Frames: Capabilities and Limitations of Current Window Heat-Transfer Design Tools", Journal of Building Physics, 32, 131-153, 2008. A. Gustavsen, S. Grynning, D. Arasteh, B. P. Jelle and H. Goudey, "Key Elements of and Materials Performance Targets for Highly Insulating Window Frames", Energy and Buildings, 43, 2583-2594, 2011. ISO 9050:2003(E), "Glass in Building - Determination of Light Transmittance, Solar Direct Transmittance, Total Solar Energy Transmittance, Ultraviolet Transmittance and Related Glazing Factors", 2003. ISO 10292:1994(E), "Glass in Building - Calculation of Steady-State U Values (Thermal Transmittance) of Multiple Glazing", 1994. B. P. Jelle, G. Hagen and S. Nødland, "Transmission Spectra of an Electrochromic Window consisting of Polyaniline, Prussian Blue and Tungsten Oxide", Electrochimica Acta, 38, 1497-1500, 1993. B. P. Jelle, G. Hagen, S. M. Hesjevik and R. Ødegård, "Reduction Factor for Polyaniline Films on ITO from Cyclic Voltammetry and Visible Absorption Spectra", Electrochimica Acta, 38, 1643-1647, 1993. B. P. Jelle and G. Hagen, "Transmission Spectra of an Electrochromic Window based on Polyaniline, Prussian Blue and Tungsten Oxide", Journal of Electrochemical Society, 140, 3560-3564, 1993. B. P. Jelle, G. Hagen and Ø. Birketveit, "Transmission Properties for Individual Electrochromic Layers in Solid State Devices based on Polyaniline, Prussian Blue and Tungsten Oxide", Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 28, 483-489, 1998. B. P. Jelle and G. Hagen, "Performance of an Electrochromic Window based on Polyaniline, Prussian Blue and Tungsten Oxide", Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 58, 277-286, 1999. B. P. Jelle and G. Hagen, "Correlation between Light Absorption and Electric Charge in Solid State Electrochromic Windows", Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 29, 1103-1110, 1999. B. P. Jelle, A. Gustavsen, T.-N. Nilsen and T. Jacobsen, "Solar Material Protection Factor (SMPF) and Solar Skin Protection Factor (SSPF) for Window Panes and other Glass Structures in Buildings", Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 91, 342-354, 2007. B. P. Jelle, A. Gustavsen and R. Baetens, "The Path to the High Performance Thermal Building Insulation Materials and Solutions of Tomorrow", Journal of Building Physics, 34, 99-123, 2010. B. P. Jelle, "Traditional, State-of-the-Art and Future Thermal Building Insulation Materials and Solutions - Properties, Requirements and Possibilities", Energy and Buildings, 43, 2549-2563, 2011. B. P. Jelle, A. Hynd, A. Gustavsen, D. Arasteh, H. Goudey and R. Hart, "Fenestration of Today and Tomorrow: A State-of-the-Art Review and Future Research Opportunities", Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 96, 1-28, 2012. B. P. Jelle, C. Breivik and H. D. Røkenes, "Building Integrated Photovoltaic Products: A State-of-the-Art Review and Future Research Opportunities", Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 100, 69-96, 2012. B. P. Jelle, "Accelerated Climate Ageing of Building Materials, Components and Structures in the Laboratory", Journal of Materials Science, 47, 6475-6496, 2012. B. P. Jelle and C. Breivik, "State-of-the-Art Building Integrated Photovoltaics", Energy Procedia, 20, 68-77, 2012. B. P. Jelle and C. Breivik, "The Path to the Building Integrated Photovoltaics of Tomorrow", Energy Procedia, 20, 78-87, 2012. B. P. Jelle, "Solar Radiation Glazing Factors for Window Panes, Glass Structures and Electrochromic Windows in Buildings - Measurement and Calculation", Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 116, 291-323, 2013. B. P. Jelle, "The Challenge of Removing Snow Downfall on Photovoltaic Solar Cell Roofs in order to Maximize Solar Energy Efficiency – Research Opportunities for the Future", Energy and Buildings, 67, 334-351, 2013. B. P. Jelle, T. Gao, L. I. C. Sandberg, B. G. Tilset, M. Grandcolas and A. Gustavsen, "Thermal Superinsulation for Building Applications - From Concepts to Experimental Investigations", International Journal of Structural Analysis and Design, 1, 43-50, 2014. C. M. Lampert, "Electrochromic Materials and Devices for Energy Efficient windows", Solar Energy Materials, 11, 1-27, 1984. C. M. Lampert, A. Agrawal, C. Baertlien and J. Nagai, "Durability Evaluation of Electrochromic Devices - An Industry Perspective", Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 56, 449-463, 1999. K. Midtdal and B. P. Jelle, "Self-Cleaning Glazing Products: A State-of-the-Art Review and Future Research Pathways", Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 109, 126-141, 2013. R. J. Mortimer, "Organic Electrochromic Materials", Electrochimica Acta, 44, 2971-2981, 1999. R. J. Mortimer, A.L. Dyer and J.R. Reynolds, "Electrochromic Organic and Polymeric Materials for Display Applications", Displays, 27, 2-18, 2006. R. D. Rauh, "Electrochromic Windows: An Overview", Electrochimica Acta, 44, 3165-3176, 1999. M. Rubin, K. von Rottkay and R. Powles, "Window Optics", Solar Energy, 62, 149-161, 1998. P. R. Somani and S. Radhakrishnan, "Electrochromic Materials and Devices: Present and Future", Materials Chemistry and Physics, 77, 117-133, 2002. S. Van Den Bergh, R. Hart, B. P. Jelle and A. Gustavsen, "Window Spacers and Edge Seals in Insulating Glass Units: A State-of-the-Art Review and Future Perspectives", Energy and Buildings, 58, 263-280, 2013.