8 Grammar - LearnNoW
8 Grammar
8 Grammar
VERBS
Present perfect
The present perfect (cf. has bought) is formed with the verb å ha (to have) and the past participle of the main verb: har + kjøpt = har kjøpt.
We use the present perfect when:
1. We are focused on the consequences of a past event and not on the time when it happened:
| Jens har vært hjemme hos Alex. Jens has been at Alex' house. (Consequence: He knows Alex' family.) |
2. Something started in the past and is still going on:
| Ben har vært i Fjordvik i tre måneder. Ben has been in Fjordvik for three months. (He is still living there.) |
3. We have a specification of time which includes the present, e.g. i dag (today), i år (this year), alltid (always), aldri (never):
| Hva har du gjort i dag? What have you been doing today? |
Word order
When the sentence does not start with the subject, the subject is placed between the verbs:
| Hva har du gjort i dag? | What have you been doing today? |
| I dag har Jens vært hos Alex. | Today, Jens has been at Alex' house. |
Adverbs like ikke (not): ikke (not) and også (also) are always placed between the verbs in the present perfect:
| Hun har ikke gjort leksene i dag. | She has not done her homework today. |
| I dag har hun ikke gjort leksene. | Today, she has not done her homework. |
Regular verbs, group 1-4
Below is the conjugation of regular verbs in the present perfect according to the four classes presented in Chapter 7.
The verbs add the ending -et:
| Infinitive | å snakke speak/talk | å vente wait | å lage make |
| Past tense | snakket | ventet | laget |
| Present perfect | har snakket | har ventet | har laget |
The verbs add the ending -t:
| Infinitive | å kjøpe buy | å spise eat | å begynne begin |
| Past tense | kjøpte | spiste | begynte |
| Present perfect | har kjøpt | har spist | har begynt |
The verbs add the ending -d:
| Infinitive | å prøve try | å greie manage | å leie rent |
| Past tense | prøvde | greide | leide |
| Present perfect | har prøvd | har greid | har leid |
The verbs add the ending -dd:
| Infinitive | å bo live | å bety mean, signify |
| Past tense | bodde | betydde |
| Present perfect | har bodd | har betydd |
Irregular verbs
The irregular verbs have other forms:
| Infinitive | å dra go/travel | å drikke drink | å finne find |
| Past tense | dro | drakk | fant |
| Present perfect | har dratt | har drukket | har funnet |
Some irregular verbs
| Infinitive | Present tense | Past tense | Past participle | |
| å bli | become | blir | ble | blitt |
| å brenne | burn | brenner | brant | brent |
| å dra | go/travel | drar | dro | dratt |
| å drikke | drink | drikker | drakk | drukket |
| å dø | die | dør | døde | dødd |
| å finne | find | finner | fant | funnet |
| å forstå | understand | forstår | forsto | forstått |
| å fortelle | tell | forteller | fortalte | fortalt |
| å fortsette | continue | fortsetter | fortsatte | fortsatt |
| å få | get/receive | får | fikk | fått |
| å gi | give | gir | ga(v) | gitt |
| å gjøre | do | gjør | gjorde | gjort |
| å gå | go/walk | går | gikk | gått |
| å ha | have | har | hadde | hatt |
| å hete | be named/called | heter | het | hett |
| å hjelpe | help | hjelper | hjalp | hjulpet |
| å komme | come | kommer | kom | kommet |
| å le | laugh | ler | lo | ledd |
| å legge | lay/put | legger | la | lagt |
| å ligge | lie | ligger | lå | ligget |
| å møte | meet | møter | møtte | møtt |
| å se | see | ser | så | sett |
| å selge | sell | selger | solgte | solgt |
| å sette | set/put | setter | satte | satt |
| å si | say | sier | sa | sagt |
| å sitte | sit | sitter | satt | sittet |
| å skrive | write | skriver | skrev | skrevet |
| å sove | sleep | sover | sov | sovet |
| å spørre | ask | spør | spurte | spurt |
| å stå | stand | står | sto(d) | stått |
| å synge | sing | synger | sang | sunget |
| å ta | take | tar | tok | tatt |
| å treffe | meet/hit | treffer | traff | truffet |
| å velge | choose | velger | valgte | valgt |
| å vite | know | vet | visste | visst |
| å være | be | er | var | vært |
Auxiliary verbs
| Infinitive | Present tense | Past tense | Past participle | |
| å skulle | shall | skal | skulle | skullet |
| å ville | will | vil | ville | villet |
| å kunne | can | kan | kunne | kunnet |
| å måtte | must/have to | må | måtte | måttet |
| å burde | ought to/should | bør | burde | burdet |
Future tense
In Chapter 3 we learnt that the future tense can be expressed by skal + infinitive. This construction implies that the future action is intended:
| Jeg skal reise til Oslo på torsdag. | I will go to Oslo on Thursday. |
When there is no such intention, we often use komme til + infinitive (with å):
| Det kommer til å bli overskyet i dag. | It will be cloudy today. |
| Du kommer til å like skolen. | You are going to like the school. |
ADJECTIVES
The adjectives appear, as we have seen in Chapter 5 and Chapter 6, in the following positions:
| as attributes (in front of) describing indefinite nouns: | en stor bil |
| as predicates after verbs like å være (to be): | bilen er stor |
In en stor bil the adjective is placed in front of a noun in indefinite form. However, attributive adjectives can also describe definite nouns (i.e. the big car). Then the adjectives end in -e (just like the plural form).
In addition, adjectives require the definite articles: den, det and de which agree in gender and number with the noun: den + store + bilen = den store bilen (the big car).
The so-called double definite construction is special. In English there is only one element that expresses definite form (the big car). In Norwegian, definite form is marked twice: first by the definite articles (den, det, de) and then by the definite form of the noun (bilen).
| Singular | Plural | ||
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| en stor bil | ei stor lue | et stort bord | store biler/luer/bord |
| a big car | a big cap | a big table | big cars/caps/tables |
| den store bilen | den store lua | det store bordet | de store bilene/luene/bordene |
| the big car | the big cap | the big table | the big cars/caps/tables |
Note the irregular form of liten (small):
| Singular | Plural | ||
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| en liten bil | ei lita lue | et lite skjerf | små biler/luer/skjerf |
| a small car | a small cap | a small scarf | small cars/caps/scarfs |
| den lille bilen | den lille lua | det lille skjerfet | de små bilene/luene/skjerfene |
| the small car | the small cap | the small scarf | the small cars/caps/scarfs |
WORD ORDER
There are two types of clauses in Norwegian: main clauses and subordinate clauses.
1. Main clause
A main clause is an independent sentence. The verb (finite verb) is the second element, except in questions without a question word where the verb is in initial position:
| De bor i Fjordvik. |
| Hvor jobber han? |
| Går han på norskkurs? |
Adverbs like ikke (not) are placed after the verb:
| Dina kommer ikke fra England. |
| Alex går ikke på skolen. |
| Ben snakker ikke tysk. |
The conjunctions og (and) and men (but) start main clauses:
| Dina bor i Fjordvik, og hun går på skolen. |
| Alex liker ikke norsk ost, men han liker fransk ost. |
2. Subordinate clause
A subordinate clause is a dependent sentence. Normally, it is part of a main clause.
A subordinate clause typically starts with a subordinating conjunction. In Chapter 8 you are presented to three of them:
| fordi | because |
| at | that |
| om | whether, if |
The subordinating conjunction is followed by the subject of the sentence and the verb:
| Norsk er vanskelig for meg | fordi | jeg har bodd i Frankrike. |
| Mamma sier | at | jeg må øve på å skrive norsk. |
| Tone spør | om | Dina liker seg på skolen. |
Adverbs like ikke (not) are placed in front of the verb:
| Dina sier | at | de ikke har mange lekser i Norge. |
A subordinate clause can also stand first in the main clause. Then, the verb in the main clause will follow directly after the subordinate clause:
| Norsk er vanskelig for meg fordi jeg har bodd i Frankrike. | Norwegian is hard for me because I have lived in France. |
| Fordi jeg har bodd i Frankrike, er norsk vanskelig for meg. | Because I have lived in France, Norwegian is hard for me. |
You can read more about main clauses and subordinated clauses in Chapter 9.