2 Grammar

2 Grammar

PRONOUNS

Personal pronouns - subject form

1. jeg I
2. du you (singular)
3. han he
hun she
det/den  it
1. vi we
2. dere you (plural)
3. de they

VERBS

The infinitive

The infinitive marker is å (to). The infinitive marker is generally used when the verb is in the infinitive:

Hyggelig å hilse på deg. Nice to meet you.


Verbs in the present tense

You add -r to the infinitive to form the present tense:

Infinitive Present tense
å komme  to come  →  kommer
å sitte to sit  →  sitter


It does not matter who is carrying out the verb. You add –r to the infinitive form of the verb after all pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, you and they:

Jeg kommer fra England.  I come from England.
Hun kommer fra Italia. She comes from Italy.
Vi kommer fra Norge. We come from Norway.


Note that some verbs have irregular present tense forms:

Infinitive Present tense
å være  to be    →  er
å gjøre  to do  →  gjør


Stå/sitte/ligge + present tense

Norwegian does not have a present continuous form like English. However, we often use the verbs stå (stand), sitte (sit) or ligge (lie) + the present tense to express an ongoing action:

Benjamin står og venter. Benjamin is waiting.
Alex sitter og snakker med ei dame.  Alex is talking to (with) a woman.


The position, in which the subject is when performing the action, decides whether you should use stå, sitte or ligge.

NOUNS

Genders

Norwegian nouns have three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter.

Masculine  en gutt a boy
Feminine ei jente  a girl
Neuter et fly an airplane


(Feminine nouns can have the article en instead of ei: ei/en jente)

Generally, we use the article en/ei/et when the noun is in the indefinite form, singular.

Leaving out en/ei/et

In some expressions the indefinite article en/ei/et is left out:

Alex reiser med fly. Alex travels by plane.


The article is not used when we define characteristics of a person (i.e. professions and nationalities):

Jeg er student. I am a student.

WORD ORDER

Main clauses (sentences)

As mentioned in Chapter 1 the verb is the second element when the sentence starts with the subject:

Jeg snakker norsk. I speak Norwegian.


The verb is always the second element, so too when the sentence starts e.g. with words for time or place:

Nå (now) reiser Alex til Norge.
Der (there)  venter  pappa.


Note that by verb we mean finite verb when describing word order. A finite verb is a verb in present or past tense (preterite).

Negation

In a narrative clause the negation ikke (not), which is an adverb, usually comes after the verb:

Jeg reiser ikke til Paris. I don't travel to Paris.


Other adverbs like også (also/too) come after the verb as well:

Jeg reiser også til Oslo. I also travel to Oslo.

CONJUNCTIONS

The conjunctions og (and) and men (but) connect sentences:

De ser pappa, og Dina roper. They see dad, and Dina shouts.
Det går bra, men det er ei lang reise.  I am fine, but it is a long journey.

PREPOSITIONS

I or på?

The general rule is:

I in  +  continents, countries, cities
På  in/on/at  +  mountain, islands, places, parts of a city

 

i Europa  på Mount Everest
i Norge på Sumatra, på Mallorca
i Oslo på Gardermoen (a place outside Oslo)
  på Grorud, på Tøyen (both parts of Oslo)


Exception: In front of some inland cities in Norway, we use på instead of i: på Lillehammer, på Hamar. You can read more about this in Chapter 5.