Ghulam Mustafa
About
Ghulam Mustafa is a Professor of Organization and Management in Ålesund. He holds a PhD from Norwegian School of Economics (NHH) and an MPhil from the University of Bergen. He is the recepient of 2025 Responsible Research in Managament Award. Mustafa previously served in the Civil Services of Pakistan, and is also a recipient of the President of Pakistan Award, Ezaz-e-Sabqat (Honor of Excellence).
Research interests
Ghulam Mustafa’s research lies at the intersection of leadership, organizational behavior, and cross-cultural management, with a strong focus on how cultural values and norms shape leadership behavior and effectiveness. His work also explores how team dynamics and organizational factors influence employee/organizational outcomes in culturally diverse contexts. Building on this foundation, his research extends into upper echelons and strategic leadership, examining how corporate boards and top management teams influence firm performance across diverse institutional environments. His current research also highlights how digitalization is shaping organizational structures, leadership and employee capabilities, and firm performance. Collectively, his work integrates cross-level and institutional/cultural perspectives to advance a more contextualized understanding of leadership and organizational effectiveness in a globalized world.
Teaching
- Philosophy of science and ethics
- Scientific theory
- Leadership and change management
- Leadership in organizations: A global perspective
- International organization and management
- Digitalization and value creation
Publications
- Please see Cristin
Publications
2024
-
Imran, Muhammad;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Rehman, Shafique Ur;
Susanto, Perengki.
(2024)
Effects of Industry 4.0 technologies and servitization on firm performance: evidence from the Pakistani manufacturing sector.
Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management
Academic article
-
Imran, Muhammad;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Rehman, Shafique Ur;
Yasri, Yasri.
(2024)
The interplay of safety knowledge, attitude and health experience in adoption of protective pesticide behavior: evidence from Pakistani fruit and vegetable farmers.
Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Khatri, Ishwar.
(2024)
Board Gender Diversity and CSR Performance: Do Societal Harmony/Mastery Orientation and Cultural Tightness-Looseness Matter?.
British Journal of Management
Academic article
2023
-
Nedelko, Zlatko;
MARKO, LAITILA;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
POTOČAN, VOJKO.
(2023)
CONTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRY 4.0 TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.
Academic chapter/article/Conference paper
-
Ali, Zahid;
Mustafa, Ghulam.
(2023)
On Accounting Firms Serving Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: A Review, Synthesis and Research Agenda.
Australian Accounting Review (AAR)
Academic literature review
2022
-
Bilgin, Mehmet Huseyin;
Hakan, Danis;
Demir, Ender;
Mustafa, Ghulam.
(2022)
Eurasian Business and Economics Perspectives
Proceedings of the 35th Eurasia Business and Economics Society Conference.
Springer
Springer
Academic anthology/Conference proceedings
-
AlMazrouei, Hanan Saber;
Zacca, Robert;
Mustafa, Ghulam.
(2022)
Mediating-moderating effect of employee creativity and team potency on expatriate innovative work behaviour.
International Journal of Organizational Analysis
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Solli-Sæther, Hans;
Bodolica, Virginia;
Håvold, Jon Ivar;
Ilyas, Anam.
(2022)
Digitalization trends and organizational structure:
bureaucracy, ambidexterity or post‑bureaucracy?.
Eurasian Business Review (EABR)
Academic article
2021
-
Kainth, Akarsh;
Mustafa, Ghulam.
(2021)
Conceptual formation and explanation in IFRS-based financial accounting research.
Cogent Business & Management
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Ali, Zahid;
Bodolica, Virginia;
Kayastha, Prajwal.
(2021)
International business competence and innovation performance: the role of ambidextrous organizational culture and environmental dynamism.
International Journal of Organizational Analysis
Academic article
2020
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Almazrouei, Hanan Saber.
(2020)
What Matters for Gender Stereotyping in Leadership: Masculinity, Gender Egalitarianism or Cultural Tightness?.
Proceedings of the European Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance (ECMLG)
Academic article
-
Schaathun, Hans Georg;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Glavee-Geo, Richard.
(2020)
Digital Kompetanse i Barneskulane i Giske.
NTNU
Report
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Moghaddam, Mehrnaz.
(2020)
Culturally Specific or Generalizable: The Occurrence and
Effectiveness of Transformational Leadership in Iran.
Proceedings of the European Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance (ECMLG)
Academic article
2019
-
Helgesen, Øyvind;
Glavee-Geo, Richard;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Nesset, Erik;
Rice, Paula Maria.
(2019)
Modeller : Fjordantologien 2019.
Universitetsforlaget
Universitetsforlaget
Academic anthology/Conference proceedings
-
Helgesen, Øyvind;
Glavee-Geo, Richard;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Nesset, Erik;
Rice, Paula Maria.
(2019)
Modeller.
Universitetsforlaget
Chapter
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Ali, Noorina.
(2019)
Rewards, autonomous motivation and turnover intention: Results from a non-Western cultural context.
Cogent Business & Management
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Glavee-Geo, Richard;
Grønhaug, Kjell;
Almazrouei, Hanan Saber.
(2019)
Structural impacts on formation of self-efficacy and its performance effects.
Sustainability
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Solli-Sæther, Hans;
Håvold, Jon Ivar;
Ilyas, Anam;
Danielsen, Antoni Vike;
Nujen, Bella.
(2019)
Human side of digitalization: A study of organizational structure, leader and employee competencies, and work-life balance.
Working paper series (1-2019)
Report
2018
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Solli-Sæther, Hans;
Håvold, Jon Ivar;
Danielsen, Antoni Vike;
Ilyas, Anam.
(2018)
Lokal forskning på digitalisering.
Romsdals Budstikke.
Reader opinion piece
-
Håvold, Jon Ivar;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Ashraf, Nadia.
(2018)
Safety culture in a shipping company. Evidence from two surveys 13 years apart.
Taylor & Francis
Academic chapter/article/Conference paper
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Nazir, Babar.
(2018)
Trust in Transformational Leadership: Do Followers’ Perceptions of Leader Femininity, Masculinity, and Androgyny Matter?.
The Journal of Values Based Leadership
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Solli-Sæther, Hans;
Håvold, Jon Ivar;
Danielsen, Antoni Vike;
Ilyas, Anam.
(2018)
Lokal forskning på digitalisering.
Sunnmørsposten
Reader opinion piece
2017
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Glavee-Geo, Richard;
Rice, Paula Maria.
(2017)
Teamwork orientation and personal learning:
The role of individual cultural values and
value congruence.
SA Journal of Industrial Psychology
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Glavee-Geo, Richard.
(2017)
Causes of Team Members' Learning: An Individual-Level Analysis.
Academic Conferences International (ACI)
Academic chapter/article/Conference paper
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Glavee-Geo, Richard.
(2017)
Role of masculinity and uncertainty avoidance orientation in the relationship between team Learning behavior and self-efficacy.
IGI Global
Academic chapter/article/Conference paper
2016
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Lines, Rune.
(2016)
The Emergence and Effects of Culturally Congruent Leadership: Current Status and Future Developments.
Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review
Academic article
2015
-
Mustafa, Ghulam.
(2015)
The Emergence of Leader-Society Value Congruence: A Cross-Cultural Perspective.
The Journal of Values Based Leadership
Academic article
2014
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Lines, Rune.
(2014)
Influence of Leadership on Job Satisfaction: The Moderating Effects of Follower Individual-Level Masculinity-Femininity Values.
Journal of Leadership Studies
Academic article
2013
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Lines, Rune.
(2013)
A Cultural Contingency Model of the Effects of Leader-Society Value Congruence.
International Business Research
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Lines, Rune.
(2013)
The Triple role of values in culturally adapted leadership styles.
International Journal of Cross Cultural Management
Academic article
2012
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Lines, Rune.
(2012)
PATERNALISM AS A PREDICTOR OF LEADERSHIP BEHAVIORS: A BI-LEVEL ANALYSIS.
Eurasian Business Review (EABR)
Academic article
Journal publications
-
Imran, Muhammad;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Rehman, Shafique Ur;
Susanto, Perengki.
(2024)
Effects of Industry 4.0 technologies and servitization on firm performance: evidence from the Pakistani manufacturing sector.
Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management
Academic article
-
Imran, Muhammad;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Rehman, Shafique Ur;
Yasri, Yasri.
(2024)
The interplay of safety knowledge, attitude and health experience in adoption of protective pesticide behavior: evidence from Pakistani fruit and vegetable farmers.
Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Khatri, Ishwar.
(2024)
Board Gender Diversity and CSR Performance: Do Societal Harmony/Mastery Orientation and Cultural Tightness-Looseness Matter?.
British Journal of Management
Academic article
-
Ali, Zahid;
Mustafa, Ghulam.
(2023)
On Accounting Firms Serving Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: A Review, Synthesis and Research Agenda.
Australian Accounting Review (AAR)
Academic literature review
-
AlMazrouei, Hanan Saber;
Zacca, Robert;
Mustafa, Ghulam.
(2022)
Mediating-moderating effect of employee creativity and team potency on expatriate innovative work behaviour.
International Journal of Organizational Analysis
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Solli-Sæther, Hans;
Bodolica, Virginia;
Håvold, Jon Ivar;
Ilyas, Anam.
(2022)
Digitalization trends and organizational structure:
bureaucracy, ambidexterity or post‑bureaucracy?.
Eurasian Business Review (EABR)
Academic article
-
Kainth, Akarsh;
Mustafa, Ghulam.
(2021)
Conceptual formation and explanation in IFRS-based financial accounting research.
Cogent Business & Management
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Ali, Zahid;
Bodolica, Virginia;
Kayastha, Prajwal.
(2021)
International business competence and innovation performance: the role of ambidextrous organizational culture and environmental dynamism.
International Journal of Organizational Analysis
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Almazrouei, Hanan Saber.
(2020)
What Matters for Gender Stereotyping in Leadership: Masculinity, Gender Egalitarianism or Cultural Tightness?.
Proceedings of the European Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance (ECMLG)
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Moghaddam, Mehrnaz.
(2020)
Culturally Specific or Generalizable: The Occurrence and
Effectiveness of Transformational Leadership in Iran.
Proceedings of the European Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance (ECMLG)
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Ali, Noorina.
(2019)
Rewards, autonomous motivation and turnover intention: Results from a non-Western cultural context.
Cogent Business & Management
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Glavee-Geo, Richard;
Grønhaug, Kjell;
Almazrouei, Hanan Saber.
(2019)
Structural impacts on formation of self-efficacy and its performance effects.
Sustainability
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Solli-Sæther, Hans;
Håvold, Jon Ivar;
Danielsen, Antoni Vike;
Ilyas, Anam.
(2018)
Lokal forskning på digitalisering.
Romsdals Budstikke.
Reader opinion piece
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Nazir, Babar.
(2018)
Trust in Transformational Leadership: Do Followers’ Perceptions of Leader Femininity, Masculinity, and Androgyny Matter?.
The Journal of Values Based Leadership
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Solli-Sæther, Hans;
Håvold, Jon Ivar;
Danielsen, Antoni Vike;
Ilyas, Anam.
(2018)
Lokal forskning på digitalisering.
Sunnmørsposten
Reader opinion piece
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Glavee-Geo, Richard;
Rice, Paula Maria.
(2017)
Teamwork orientation and personal learning:
The role of individual cultural values and
value congruence.
SA Journal of Industrial Psychology
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Lines, Rune.
(2016)
The Emergence and Effects of Culturally Congruent Leadership: Current Status and Future Developments.
Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam.
(2015)
The Emergence of Leader-Society Value Congruence: A Cross-Cultural Perspective.
The Journal of Values Based Leadership
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Lines, Rune.
(2014)
Influence of Leadership on Job Satisfaction: The Moderating Effects of Follower Individual-Level Masculinity-Femininity Values.
Journal of Leadership Studies
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Lines, Rune.
(2013)
A Cultural Contingency Model of the Effects of Leader-Society Value Congruence.
International Business Research
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Lines, Rune.
(2013)
The Triple role of values in culturally adapted leadership styles.
International Journal of Cross Cultural Management
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Lines, Rune.
(2012)
PATERNALISM AS A PREDICTOR OF LEADERSHIP BEHAVIORS: A BI-LEVEL ANALYSIS.
Eurasian Business Review (EABR)
Academic article
Books
-
Bilgin, Mehmet Huseyin;
Hakan, Danis;
Demir, Ender;
Mustafa, Ghulam.
(2022)
Eurasian Business and Economics Perspectives
Proceedings of the 35th Eurasia Business and Economics Society Conference.
Springer
Springer
Academic anthology/Conference proceedings
-
Helgesen, Øyvind;
Glavee-Geo, Richard;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Nesset, Erik;
Rice, Paula Maria.
(2019)
Modeller : Fjordantologien 2019.
Universitetsforlaget
Universitetsforlaget
Academic anthology/Conference proceedings
Part of book/report
-
Nedelko, Zlatko;
MARKO, LAITILA;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
POTOČAN, VOJKO.
(2023)
CONTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRY 4.0 TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.
Academic chapter/article/Conference paper
-
Helgesen, Øyvind;
Glavee-Geo, Richard;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Nesset, Erik;
Rice, Paula Maria.
(2019)
Modeller.
Universitetsforlaget
Chapter
-
Håvold, Jon Ivar;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Ashraf, Nadia.
(2018)
Safety culture in a shipping company. Evidence from two surveys 13 years apart.
Taylor & Francis
Academic chapter/article/Conference paper
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Glavee-Geo, Richard.
(2017)
Causes of Team Members' Learning: An Individual-Level Analysis.
Academic Conferences International (ACI)
Academic chapter/article/Conference paper
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Glavee-Geo, Richard.
(2017)
Role of masculinity and uncertainty avoidance orientation in the relationship between team Learning behavior and self-efficacy.
IGI Global
Academic chapter/article/Conference paper
Report
-
Schaathun, Hans Georg;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Glavee-Geo, Richard.
(2020)
Digital Kompetanse i Barneskulane i Giske.
NTNU
Report
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Solli-Sæther, Hans;
Håvold, Jon Ivar;
Ilyas, Anam;
Danielsen, Antoni Vike;
Nujen, Bella.
(2019)
Human side of digitalization: A study of organizational structure, leader and employee competencies, and work-life balance.
Working paper series (1-2019)
Report
Teaching
Courses
- AL520512 - Leadership in organizations - A global and sustainable perspective
- AM521817 - Quantitative Research Methods
- AL530120 - Leadership and Change Management
- AL510311 - International organisation and management
- AM302112 - Marketing Research
- AL302019 - Doing Business in...
- ØK8000 - Philosophy of Science and Ethics
- AE512417 - Scientific theory and Perspectives in Business on Organizations
Outreach
2025
-
PosterMustafa, Ghulam; Khatri, Ishwar. (2025) Global Imbalance in Renewable Energy Use: Unentangling the Role of Board Gender Diversity in Different Legal Systems. Academy of Management (AOM) 85th Academy of Management Annual Meeting Conference , Copenhagen 2025-07-25 - 2025-07-29
2024
-
Academic lectureMustafa, Ghulam; Khatri, Ishwar. (2024) Global imbalance in renewable energy investment. Disentangling the role of board gender diversity in different legal systems . NTNU Global Strategy Journal Idea and paper development workshop , Department of International Business, NTNU Ålesund 2024-09-26 - 2024-09-27
2023
-
Academic lectureMustafa, Ghulam. (2023) Servant leadership and employee proactive customer service performance: The mediating role of work engagement and moderation effect of service climate . EBES 44th EBES CONFERENCE , Istanbul 2023-07-06 - 2023-07-08
-
LectureMustafa, Ghulam; Khatri, Ishwar. (2023) Board gender diversity and CSR performance: Do cultural value orientations matter?. Sustainability SIG, Academy of International Business AIB Sustainability SIG PhD and Early-Career Researchers Virtual Symposium 2023-01-18 - 2023-01-18
-
LectureMustafa, Ghulam; Khatri, Ishwar. (2023) Board gender diversity and corporate environmental performance: The role of cultural harmony-mastery and tightness-looseness. . JMS, Durham University Business School JMS Publishing Workshop , Durham 2023-03-28 - 2023-03-29
2022
-
Academic lectureMustafa, Ghulam; Neupane, Binod; Aparicio, David. (2022) Transformational Leadership, Organic Structure and Employee Innovative Behavior: The Mediating Effect of Innovative Climate. 40th EBES CONFERENCE 2022-07-06 - 2022-07-08
-
PosterMustafa, Ghulam; Ali, Zahid; Grimm, Helena. (2022) Women managerial advancement: does firm internationalization matter?. EIBA Annual Conference 2022 2022-12-08 - 2022-12-10
2019
-
Academic lectureBadshah, Imtiaz; Mustafa, Ghulam. (2019) Reflections on digitalization in the public sector of Pakistan. Euroasia Business and Economic Society 29th EBES Conference , Lisbon-Portugal, 10-12 October 2019 2019-10-10 - 2019-10-12
-
Academic lectureMustafa, Ghulam; Badshah, Imtiaz; Straume, Kristine Coucheron. (2019) The role of individual factors in women’s managerial advancement in Norway. Eurasia Business and Economic Society 29th EBES Conference Lisbon-Portugal, 10-12 October 2019 , Lisbon-Portugal, 10-12 October 2019 2019-10-10 - 2019-10-12
-
Academic lectureKhatri, Ishwar; Mustafa, Ghulam. (2019) Organizational structure and digitalization. NEON Conference 2019-11-26 - 2019-11-28
-
Academic lectureMustafa, Ghulam; Nazir, Babar. (2019) Role of self-transcendent and self-enhancement values in the occurrence and effects of transformational leadership. NEON Conference 2019-11-26 - 2019-11-28
2018
-
InterviewMustafa, Ghulam; NETT, NO. (2018) Digitaliseringa i arbeidslivet (Human side of digitalization in organizations) . [Newspaper] 2018-06-13
-
InterviewMustafa, Ghulam; Sunnmørsposten, X. (2018) Digitalisering og arbeidsplassene in framtida. [Newspaper] 2018-05-23
-
Academic lectureBadshah, Imtiaz; Mustafa, Ghulam. (2018) The dilemma of the effectiveness of performance appraisal in the civil service of Pakistan . China-Norway Researcher Network (CNRN) Økonomi-workshop , Halden 2018-12-06 - 2018-12-06
-
Academic lectureMustafa, Ghulam. (2018) Human side of digitalization: Some sustainability related insights. NTNU Ålesund Sustainability Workshop , Ålesund 2018-12-12 - 2018-12-12
-
Academic lectureMustafa, Ghulam; Martisen, Hans Marius; Bogen, Martin Saure. (2018) Organizational Structure and Counter-Productive Behavior: The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction,Procedural Justice and Work Alienation. Eurasian Business and Economics Society 26 EBES Conference , Prague 2018-10-24 - 2018-10-26
2016
-
PosterMustafa, Ghulam; Glavee-Geo, Richard; Rice, M., Paula. (2016) Teamwork orientation and individual learning: the relevance of individual cultural values and value congruence. European International Business Academy Conference 2016-12-02 - 2016-12-04
-
Academic lectureStraume, Kristine Coucheron; Mustafa, Ghulam. (2016) Galss-ceiling in Scandinavian countries: An overview and suggestions for future. University of Aalborg, Denmark 6th Aalborg International Business Conference , Aalborg 2016-06-01 - 2016-06-03
-
LectureMustafa, Ghulam; Glavee-Geo, Richard. (2016) Employee Self-Efficacy and Job Performance: The Effects of Formalization and Centralization. Fjord Conference 2016-06-21 - 2016-06-22
2015
-
LectureMustafa, Ghulam. (2015) The emergence and effects of culturally congruent leadership: Current status and future developments. Academy of International Business 2nd AIB-CEE Chapter Conference , Warsaw 2015-09-17 - 2015-09-19
-
LectureMustafa, Ghulam. (2015) Influence of Team Learning on Employee Self-Efficacy: The Relevance of Masculinity and Uncertainty Avoidance Values. Fjord Conference , Loen 2015-06-17 - 2015-06-19
2012
-
LectureMustafa, Ghulam. (2012) Leader-society value congruence and employee outcomes: A cross-cultural perspective. American University of Rome International Journal of Arts and Sciences -International conference for academic desciplines , Rome 2012-10-28 - 2012-11-01
2011
-
Academic lectureMustafa, Ghulam; Lines, Rune. (2011) Paternalism as a Predictor of Preferred Leaderhsip Behaviors: An Analysis of Personal, Follower and Societal Level Influence. University of Zagreb EBES 2011 , Zagreb 2011-10-13 - 2011-10-15
2010
-
Academic lectureLines, Rune; Mustafa, Ghulam. (2010) The Triple Role of Values in Culturally Adapted Leadership. EBES 2010 Confernence - Istanbul Eurasia Business and Economics Society , Istanbul 2010-05-26 - 2010-05-28