Ghulam Mustafa
About
Ghulam Mustafa is a Professor of Organization and Management in Ålesund. He holds a PhD from Norwegian School of Economics (NHH) and an MPhil from the University of Bergen. He is the recepient of 2025 Responsible Research in Managament Award. Mustafa previously also received the President of Pakistan Award of Ezaz-e- Sabqat (Honor of Excellence).
Research interests
Ghulam Mustafa’s research lies at the intersection of leadership, organizational behavior, and cross-cultural management, with a strong focus on how cultural values and norms shape leadership behavior and effectiveness. His work also explores how team dynamics and organizational factors influence employee/organizational outcomes in culturally diverse contexts. Building on this foundation, his research extends into upper echelons and strategic leadership, examining how corporate boards and top management teams influence firm performance across diverse institutional environments. His current research also highlights how digitalization is shaping organizational structures, leadership and employee capabilities, and firm performance. Collectively, his work integrates cross-level and institutional/cultural perspectives to advance a more contextualized understanding of leadership and organizational effectiveness in a globalized world.
Teaching
- Philosophy of science and ethics
- Scientific theory
- Leadership and change management
- Leadership in organizations: A global perspective
- International organization and management
- Digitalization and value creation
Publications
- Please see Cristin
Research
Ghulam Mustafa’s research lies at the intersection of leadership, organizational behavior, and cross-cultural management, with a strong focus on how cultural values and norms shape leadership behavior and effectiveness. His work also explores how team dynamics and organizational factors influence employee/organizational outcomes in culturally diverse contexts. Building on this foundation, his research extends into upper echelons and strategic leadership, examining how corporate boards and top management teams influence firm performance across diverse institutional environments. His current research also highlights how digitalization is shaping organizational structures, leadership and employee capabilities, and firm performance. Collectively, his work integrates cross-level and institutional/cultural perspectives to advance a more contextualized understanding of leadership and organizational effectiveness in a globalized world.
Publications
2026
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Grassini, Simone.
(2026)
Adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the Public Sector: Perceptions of Norwegian Public Sector Employees.
Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet
Research report
2025
-
Ahmed, Sardar Wasi;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Strand, Øivind.
(2025)
Digital Entrepreneurship in Practice: The Roles of Agile Co-Creation and Digital Entrepreneurship Ecosystems.
Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet
Doctoral thesis
-
Ahmed, Sardar Wasi Uddin al;
Mustafa, Ghulam.
(2025)
Agile co-creation and digital entrepreneurship Nexus: A systematic literature review and future research agenda.
Digital Business
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Glavee-Geo, Richard;
Schaathun, Hans Georg.
(2025)
Digital competence in primary school in Giske municipality: A change management perspective.
Academic chapter
2024
-
Imran, Muhammad;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Rehman, Shafique Ur;
Yasri, Yasri.
(2024)
The interplay of safety knowledge, attitude and health experience in adoption of protective pesticide behavior: evidence from Pakistani fruit and vegetable farmers.
Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies
Academic article
-
Imran, Muhammad;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Rehman, Shafique Ur;
Susanto, Perengki.
(2024)
Effects of Industry 4.0 technologies and servitization on firm performance: evidence from the Pakistani manufacturing sector.
Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Khatri, Ishwar.
(2024)
Board Gender Diversity and CSR Performance: Do Societal Harmony/Mastery Orientation and Cultural Tightness-Looseness Matter?.
British Journal of Management
Academic article
2023
-
Nedelko, Zlatko;
MARKO, LAITILA;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
POTOČAN, VOJKO.
(2023)
CONTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRY 4.0 TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.
Academic chapter
-
Ali, Zahid;
Mustafa, Ghulam.
(2023)
On Accounting Firms Serving Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: A Review, Synthesis and Research Agenda.
Australian Accounting Review (AAR)
Academic literature review
2022
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Solli-Sæther, Hans;
Bodolica, Virginia;
Håvold, Jon Ivar;
Ilyas, Anam.
(2022)
Digitalization trends and organizational structure:
bureaucracy, ambidexterity or post‑bureaucracy?.
Eurasian Business Review (EABR)
Academic article
-
AlMazrouei, Hanan Saber;
Zacca, Robert;
Mustafa, Ghulam.
(2022)
Mediating-moderating effect of employee creativity and team potency on expatriate innovative work behaviour.
International Journal of Organizational Analysis
Academic article
-
Bilgin, Mehmet Huseyin;
Hakan, Danis;
Demir, Ender;
Mustafa, Ghulam.
(2022)
Eurasian Business and Economics Perspectives
Proceedings of the 35th Eurasia Business and Economics Society Conference.
Springer
Anthology
2021
-
Kainth, Akarsh;
Mustafa, Ghulam.
(2021)
Conceptual formation and explanation in IFRS-based financial accounting research.
Cogent Business & Management
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Ali, Zahid;
Bodolica, Virginia;
Kayastha, Prajwal.
(2021)
International business competence and innovation performance: the role of ambidextrous organizational culture and environmental dynamism.
International Journal of Organizational Analysis
Academic article
2020
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Moghaddam, Mehrnaz.
(2020)
Culturally Specific or Generalizable: The Occurrence and
Effectiveness of Transformational Leadership in Iran.
Proceedings of the European Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance (ECMLG)
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Almazrouei, Hanan Saber.
(2020)
What Matters for Gender Stereotyping in Leadership: Masculinity, Gender Egalitarianism or Cultural Tightness?.
Proceedings of the European Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance (ECMLG)
Academic article
-
Schaathun, Hans Georg;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Glavee-Geo, Richard.
(2020)
Digital Kompetanse i Barneskulane i Giske.
Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet
Research report
2019
-
Helgesen, Øyvind;
Glavee-Geo, Richard;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Nesset, Erik;
Rice, Paula Maria.
(2019)
Modeller.
Non-fiction chapter
-
Helgesen, Øyvind;
Glavee-Geo, Richard;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Nesset, Erik;
Rice, Paula Maria.
(2019)
Modeller : Fjordantologien 2019.
Universitetsforlaget
Anthology
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Ali, Noorina.
(2019)
Rewards, autonomous motivation and turnover intention: Results from a non-Western cultural context.
Cogent Business & Management
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Solli-Sæther, Hans;
Håvold, Jon Ivar;
Ilyas, Anam;
Danielsen, Antoni Vike;
Nujen, Bella.
(2019)
Human side of digitalization: A study of organizational structure, leader and employee competencies, and work-life balance.
Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet
Research report
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Glavee-Geo, Richard;
Grønhaug, Kjell;
Almazrouei, Hanan Saber.
(2019)
Structural impacts on formation of self-efficacy and its performance effects.
Sustainability
Academic article
2018
-
Håvold, Jon Ivar;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Ashraf, Nadia.
(2018)
Safety culture in a shipping company. Evidence from two surveys 13 years apart.
Academic chapter
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Solli-Sæther, Hans;
Håvold, Jon Ivar;
Danielsen, Antoni Vike;
Ilyas, Anam.
(2018)
Lokal forskning på digitalisering.
Sunnmørsposten
Commentary
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Solli-Sæther, Hans;
Håvold, Jon Ivar;
Danielsen, Antoni Vike;
Ilyas, Anam.
(2018)
Lokal forskning på digitalisering.
Romsdals Budstikke.
Commentary
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Nazir, Babar.
(2018)
Trust in Transformational Leadership: Do Followers’ Perceptions of Leader Femininity, Masculinity, and Androgyny Matter?.
The Journal of Values Based Leadership
Academic article
2017
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Glavee-Geo, Richard.
(2017)
Role of masculinity and uncertainty avoidance orientation in the relationship between team Learning behavior and self-efficacy.
Academic chapter
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Glavee-Geo, Richard.
(2017)
Causes of Team Members' Learning: An Individual-Level Analysis.
Academic chapter
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Glavee-Geo, Richard;
Rice, Paula Maria.
(2017)
Teamwork orientation and personal learning:
The role of individual cultural values and
value congruence.
SA Journal of Industrial Psychology
Academic article
2016
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Lines, Rune.
(2016)
The Emergence and Effects of Culturally Congruent Leadership: Current Status and Future Developments.
Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review
Academic article
2015
-
Mustafa, Ghulam.
(2015)
The Emergence of Leader-Society Value Congruence: A Cross-Cultural Perspective.
The Journal of Values Based Leadership
Academic article
2014
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Lines, Rune.
(2014)
Influence of Leadership on Job Satisfaction: The Moderating Effects of Follower Individual-Level Masculinity-Femininity Values.
Journal of Leadership Studies
Academic article
2013
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Lines, Rune.
(2013)
The Triple role of values in culturally adapted leadership styles.
International Journal of Cross Cultural Management
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Lines, Rune.
(2013)
A Cultural Contingency Model of the Effects of Leader-Society Value Congruence.
International Business Research
Academic article
2012
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Lines, Rune.
(2012)
PATERNALISM AS A PREDICTOR OF LEADERSHIP BEHAVIORS: A BI-LEVEL ANALYSIS.
Eurasian Business Review (EABR)
Academic article
Journal publications
-
Ahmed, Sardar Wasi Uddin al;
Mustafa, Ghulam.
(2025)
Agile co-creation and digital entrepreneurship Nexus: A systematic literature review and future research agenda.
Digital Business
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Lines, Rune.
(2014)
Influence of Leadership on Job Satisfaction: The Moderating Effects of Follower Individual-Level Masculinity-Femininity Values.
Journal of Leadership Studies
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Moghaddam, Mehrnaz.
(2020)
Culturally Specific or Generalizable: The Occurrence and
Effectiveness of Transformational Leadership in Iran.
Proceedings of the European Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance (ECMLG)
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Lines, Rune.
(2016)
The Emergence and Effects of Culturally Congruent Leadership: Current Status and Future Developments.
Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Lines, Rune.
(2013)
The Triple role of values in culturally adapted leadership styles.
International Journal of Cross Cultural Management
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Almazrouei, Hanan Saber.
(2020)
What Matters for Gender Stereotyping in Leadership: Masculinity, Gender Egalitarianism or Cultural Tightness?.
Proceedings of the European Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance (ECMLG)
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Lines, Rune.
(2012)
PATERNALISM AS A PREDICTOR OF LEADERSHIP BEHAVIORS: A BI-LEVEL ANALYSIS.
Eurasian Business Review (EABR)
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Solli-Sæther, Hans;
Bodolica, Virginia;
Håvold, Jon Ivar;
Ilyas, Anam.
(2022)
Digitalization trends and organizational structure:
bureaucracy, ambidexterity or post‑bureaucracy?.
Eurasian Business Review (EABR)
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Ali, Noorina.
(2019)
Rewards, autonomous motivation and turnover intention: Results from a non-Western cultural context.
Cogent Business & Management
Academic article
-
AlMazrouei, Hanan Saber;
Zacca, Robert;
Mustafa, Ghulam.
(2022)
Mediating-moderating effect of employee creativity and team potency on expatriate innovative work behaviour.
International Journal of Organizational Analysis
Academic article
-
Kainth, Akarsh;
Mustafa, Ghulam.
(2021)
Conceptual formation and explanation in IFRS-based financial accounting research.
Cogent Business & Management
Academic article
-
Ali, Zahid;
Mustafa, Ghulam.
(2023)
On Accounting Firms Serving Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: A Review, Synthesis and Research Agenda.
Australian Accounting Review (AAR)
Academic literature review
-
Mustafa, Ghulam.
(2015)
The Emergence of Leader-Society Value Congruence: A Cross-Cultural Perspective.
The Journal of Values Based Leadership
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Glavee-Geo, Richard;
Rice, Paula Maria.
(2017)
Teamwork orientation and personal learning:
The role of individual cultural values and
value congruence.
SA Journal of Industrial Psychology
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Glavee-Geo, Richard;
Grønhaug, Kjell;
Almazrouei, Hanan Saber.
(2019)
Structural impacts on formation of self-efficacy and its performance effects.
Sustainability
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Solli-Sæther, Hans;
Håvold, Jon Ivar;
Danielsen, Antoni Vike;
Ilyas, Anam.
(2018)
Lokal forskning på digitalisering.
Sunnmørsposten
Commentary
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Solli-Sæther, Hans;
Håvold, Jon Ivar;
Danielsen, Antoni Vike;
Ilyas, Anam.
(2018)
Lokal forskning på digitalisering.
Romsdals Budstikke.
Commentary
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Ali, Zahid;
Bodolica, Virginia;
Kayastha, Prajwal.
(2021)
International business competence and innovation performance: the role of ambidextrous organizational culture and environmental dynamism.
International Journal of Organizational Analysis
Academic article
-
Imran, Muhammad;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Rehman, Shafique Ur;
Yasri, Yasri.
(2024)
The interplay of safety knowledge, attitude and health experience in adoption of protective pesticide behavior: evidence from Pakistani fruit and vegetable farmers.
Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies
Academic article
-
Imran, Muhammad;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Rehman, Shafique Ur;
Susanto, Perengki.
(2024)
Effects of Industry 4.0 technologies and servitization on firm performance: evidence from the Pakistani manufacturing sector.
Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Khatri, Ishwar.
(2024)
Board Gender Diversity and CSR Performance: Do Societal Harmony/Mastery Orientation and Cultural Tightness-Looseness Matter?.
British Journal of Management
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Lines, Rune.
(2013)
A Cultural Contingency Model of the Effects of Leader-Society Value Congruence.
International Business Research
Academic article
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Nazir, Babar.
(2018)
Trust in Transformational Leadership: Do Followers’ Perceptions of Leader Femininity, Masculinity, and Androgyny Matter?.
The Journal of Values Based Leadership
Academic article
Books
-
Helgesen, Øyvind;
Glavee-Geo, Richard;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Nesset, Erik;
Rice, Paula Maria.
(2019)
Modeller : Fjordantologien 2019.
Universitetsforlaget
Anthology
-
Bilgin, Mehmet Huseyin;
Hakan, Danis;
Demir, Ender;
Mustafa, Ghulam.
(2022)
Eurasian Business and Economics Perspectives
Proceedings of the 35th Eurasia Business and Economics Society Conference.
Springer
Anthology
Part of book/report
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Glavee-Geo, Richard;
Schaathun, Hans Georg.
(2025)
Digital competence in primary school in Giske municipality: A change management perspective.
Academic chapter
-
Helgesen, Øyvind;
Glavee-Geo, Richard;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Nesset, Erik;
Rice, Paula Maria.
(2019)
Modeller.
Non-fiction chapter
-
Nedelko, Zlatko;
MARKO, LAITILA;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
POTOČAN, VOJKO.
(2023)
CONTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRY 4.0 TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.
Academic chapter
-
Håvold, Jon Ivar;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Ashraf, Nadia.
(2018)
Safety culture in a shipping company. Evidence from two surveys 13 years apart.
Academic chapter
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Glavee-Geo, Richard.
(2017)
Role of masculinity and uncertainty avoidance orientation in the relationship between team Learning behavior and self-efficacy.
Academic chapter
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Glavee-Geo, Richard.
(2017)
Causes of Team Members' Learning: An Individual-Level Analysis.
Academic chapter
Report
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Grassini, Simone.
(2026)
Adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the Public Sector: Perceptions of Norwegian Public Sector Employees.
Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet
Research report
-
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Solli-Sæther, Hans;
Håvold, Jon Ivar;
Ilyas, Anam;
Danielsen, Antoni Vike;
Nujen, Bella.
(2019)
Human side of digitalization: A study of organizational structure, leader and employee competencies, and work-life balance.
Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet
Research report
-
Schaathun, Hans Georg;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Glavee-Geo, Richard.
(2020)
Digital Kompetanse i Barneskulane i Giske.
Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet
Research report
Student thesis or dissertation
-
Ahmed, Sardar Wasi;
Mustafa, Ghulam;
Strand, Øivind.
(2025)
Digital Entrepreneurship in Practice: The Roles of Agile Co-Creation and Digital Entrepreneurship Ecosystems.
Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet
Doctoral thesis
Teaching
Courses
Outreach
2025
-
Conference lectureVatne, Marcus Nikolay; Mustafa, Ghulam. (2025) Expatriate Retention Through Occupation-relevant HRM Practices: A Cultural Contingency Model. EIBA 2025
-
Conference posterMustafa, Ghulam; Khatri, Ishwar. (2025) Global Imbalance in Renewable Energy Use: Unentangling the Role of Board Gender Diversity in Different Legal Systems. 85th Academy of Management Annual Meeting Conference
2024
-
Conference lectureMustafa, Ghulam; Khatri, Ishwar. (2024) Global imbalance in renewable energy investment. Disentangling the role of board gender diversity in different legal systems. Global Strategy Journal Idea and paper development workshop
2023
-
Conference lectureMustafa, Ghulam. (2023) Servant leadership and employee proactive customer service performance: The mediating role of work engagement and moderation effect of service climate. 44th EBES CONFERENCE
-
LectureMustafa, Ghulam; Khatri, Ishwar. (2023) Board gender diversity and corporate environmental performance: The role of cultural harmony-mastery and tightness-looseness. JMS Publishing Workshop
-
LectureMustafa, Ghulam; Khatri, Ishwar. (2023) Board gender diversity and CSR performance: Do cultural value orientations matter?. AIB Sustainability SIG PhD and Early-Career Researchers Virtual Symposium
2022
-
Conference posterMustafa, Ghulam; Ali, Zahid; Grimm, Helena. (2022) Women managerial advancement: does firm internationalization matter?. EIBA Annual Conference 2022
-
Conference lectureMustafa, Ghulam; Neupane, Binod; Aparicio, David. (2022) Transformational Leadership, Organic Structure and Employee Innovative Behavior: The Mediating Effect of Innovative Climate. 40th EBES CONFERENCE
2019
-
Conference lectureMustafa, Ghulam; Badshah, Imtiaz; Straume, Kristine Coucheron. (2019) The role of individual factors in women’s managerial advancement in Norway. 29th EBES Conference Lisbon-Portugal, 10-12 October 2019
-
Conference lectureBadshah, Imtiaz; Mustafa, Ghulam. (2019) Reflections on digitalization in the public sector of Pakistan. 29th EBES Conference
-
Conference lectureKhatri, Ishwar; Mustafa, Ghulam. (2019) Organizational structure and digitalization. NEON Conference
-
Conference lectureMustafa, Ghulam; Nazir, Babar. (2019) Role of self-transcendent and self-enhancement values in the occurrence and effects of transformational leadership. NEON Conference
2018
-
Conference lectureMustafa, Ghulam. (2018) Human side of digitalization: Some sustainability related insights. Sustainability Workshop
-
InterviewMustafa, Ghulam; NETT, NO. (2018) Digitaliseringa i arbeidslivet (Human side of digitalization in organizations).
-
Interview
-
Conference lectureMustafa, Ghulam; Martisen, Hans Marius; Bogen, Martin Saure. (2018) Organizational Structure and Counter-Productive Behavior: The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction,Procedural Justice and Work Alienation. 26 EBES Conference
-
Conference lectureBadshah, Imtiaz; Mustafa, Ghulam. (2018) The dilemma of the effectiveness of performance appraisal in the civil service of Pakistan. Økonomi-workshop
2016
-
Conference lectureStraume, Kristine Coucheron; Mustafa, Ghulam. (2016) Galss-ceiling in Scandinavian countries: An overview and suggestions for future. 6th Aalborg International Business Conference
-
LectureMustafa, Ghulam; Glavee-Geo, Richard. (2016) Employee Self-Efficacy and Job Performance: The Effects of Formalization and Centralization. Fjord Conference
-
Conference posterMustafa, Ghulam; Glavee-Geo, Richard; M., Paula Rice,. (2016) Teamwork orientation and individual learning: the relevance of individual cultural values and value congruence. European International Business Academy Conference
2015
-
LectureMustafa, Ghulam. (2015) Influence of Team Learning on Employee Self-Efficacy: The Relevance of Masculinity and Uncertainty Avoidance Values. Fjord Conference
-
LectureMustafa, Ghulam. (2015) The emergence and effects of culturally congruent leadership: Current status and future developments. 2nd AIB-CEE Chapter Conference
2012
-
LectureMustafa, Ghulam. (2012) Leader-society value congruence and employee outcomes: A cross-cultural perspective. International Journal of Arts and Sciences -International conference for academic desciplines
2011
-
Conference lectureMustafa, Ghulam; Lines, Rune. (2011) Paternalism as a Predictor of Preferred Leaderhsip Behaviors: An Analysis of Personal, Follower and Societal Level Influence. EBES 2011
2010
-
Conference lectureLines, Rune; Mustafa, Ghulam. (2010) The Triple Role of Values in Culturally Adapted Leadership. Eurasia Business and Economics Society