Peter Sjolte Ranke
About
The PhD-candidate position is a part of Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD) at the Department of biologi, NTNU.
Study species: house sparrow
Study systems: Helgeland, Vikna, Lauvøya
Focus: dispersal
Main aim: investigate demographic and environmental causes for dispersal among populations, and consequences of dispersal both on individual level and on population level, e. g. potential genetic contribution from a disperser in a population.
Publications
2022
- Børresen, Solveig T.; Mwasaga, Rehema Ulimboka; Nyahongo, Julius William; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Skjærvø, Gine Roll; Røskaft, Eivin. (2022) The role of education in biodiversity conservation: Can knowledge and understanding alter locals’ views and attitudes towards ecosystem services?. Environmental Education Research.
- Htay, Thazin; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Røskaft, Eivin; Ranke, Peter Sjolte. (2022) Promoting bird conservation in wetland-associated landscapes: Factors influencing avian crop damage and farmers’ attitudes. Global Ecology and Conservation. volum 38.
- Pepke, Michael Le; Kvalnes, Thomas; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Araya-Ajoy, Yimen; Wright, Jonathan; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Jensen, Henrik; Ringsby, Thor Harald. (2022) Causes and consequences of variation in early-life telomere length in a bird metapopulation. Ecology and Evolution. volum 12 (8).
- Shilereyo, Monica Tembah; Magige, F.; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Ogutu, J.O.; Røskaft, Eivin. (2022) Ectoparasite load of small mammals in the Serengeti Ecosystem: effects of land use, season, host species, age, sex and breeding status. Parasitology Research. volum 121 (3).
- Søraker, Jørgen Skavdal; Stokke, Bård Gunnar; Kleven, Oddmund; Moksnes, Arne; Rudolfsen, Geir; Skjærvø, Gine Roll; Vaagland, Henriette; Røskaft, Eivin; Ranke, Peter Sjolte. (2022) Resident bird species track inter-annual variation in spring phenology better than long-distance migrants in a subalpine habitat. Climate Change Ecology. volum 3.
2021
- Araya-Ajoy, Yimen; Niskanen, Alina Katariina; Froy, Hannah; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Kvalnes, Thomas; Rønning, Bernt; Pepke, Michael Le; Jensen, Henrik; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Wright, Jonathan. (2021) Variation in generation time reveals density regulation as an important driver of pace of life in a bird metapopulation. Ecology Letters. volum 24.
- Heggøy, Oddvar; Aarvak, Tomas; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Solheim, Roar; Øien, Ingar Jostein. (2021) Home Range and Excursive Post-Breeding Movements of Eurasian Eagle-Owls Revealed by GPS Satellite Transmitters. The Journal of raptor research. volum 55 (4).
- Mbise, Franco P.; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Røskaft, Eivin. (2021) Community spatial distance and educational determinants of how local people appreciate conservation benefits around Tarangire and Saadani National Parks, Tanzania. Global Ecology and Conservation. volum 28.
- Mwampeta, Stanslaus Brown; Wilton, Clay M.; Mkasanga, Imani J.; Masinde, Lusato M.; Ranke, Peter S.; Røskaft, Eivin; Fyumagwa, Robert D.; Belant, Jerrold L.. (2021) Lion and spotted hyena distributions within a buffer area of the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem. Scientific Reports. volum 11.
- Nahid, Mominul Islam; Fossøy, Frode; Stokke, Bård Gunnar; Abernathy, Virginia; Begum, Sajeda; Langmore, Naomi E.; Røskaft, Eivin; Ranke, Peter Sjolte. (2021) No evidence of host-specific egg mimicry in Asian koels. PLOS ONE. volum 16 (7).
- Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Araya-Ajoy, Yimen; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Pärn, Henrik; Rønning, Bernt; Jensen, Henrik; Wright, Jonathan; Sæther, Bernt-Erik. (2021) Spatial structure and dispersal dynamics in a house sparrow metapopulation. Journal of Animal Ecology. volum 90.
- Saatoglu, Fikriye Dilan; Niskanen, Alina Katariina; Kuismin, Markku; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Hagen, Ingerid Julie; Araya-Ajoy, Yimen; Kvalnes, Thomas; Pärn, Henrik; Rønning, Bernt; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Husby, Arild; Sillanpää, Mikko J.; Jensen, Henrik. (2021) Dispersal in a house sparrow metapopulation: An integrative case study of genetic assignment calibrated with ecological data and pedigree information. Molecular Ecology. volum 30.
2020
- Jackson, Craig Ryan; Maddox, Thomas M; Mbise, Franco Peniel; Stokke, Bård Gunnar; belant, Jerrold L.; Bevanger, Kjetil Modolv; Durant, Sarah M.; Fyumagwa, R.D.; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Røskaft, Eivin; May, Roelof Frans; Fossøy, Frode. (2020) A dead giveaway: Foraging vultures and other avian scavengers respond to auditory cues. Ecology and Evolution. volum 10.
- Mbise, Franco Peniel; Jackson, Craig Ryan; Lyamuya, Richard; Fyumagwa, Robert D.; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Røskaft, Eivin. (2020) Do carnivore surveys match reports of carnivore presence by pastoralists? A case of the eastern Serengeti ecosystem. Global Ecology and Conservation. volum 24:e01324 (e01324).
- Nahid, Mominul Islam; Fossøy, Frode; Stokke, Bård Gunnar; Begum, Sajeda; Røskaft, Eivin; Ranke, Peter Sjolte. (2020) How does human disturbance affect brood parasitism and nest predation in hosts inhabiting a highly fragmented landscape?. Global Ecology and Conservation. volum 24.
- Niskanen, Alina Katariina; Billing, Anna Maria; Holand, Håkon; Hagen, Ingerid Julie; Araya-Ajoy, Yimen; Husby, Arild; Rønning, Bernt; Myhre, Ane Marlene; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Kvalnes, Thomas; Pärn, Henrik; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Lien, Sigbjørn; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Muff, Stefanie; Jensen, Henrik. (2020) Consistent scaling of inbreeding depression in space and time in a house sparrow metapopulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. volum 117 (25).
- Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Skjelseth, Sigrun; Hagen, Ingerid Julie; Billing, Anna Maria; Borg Pedersen, Åsa Alexandra; Pärn, Henrik; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Jensen, Henrik. (2020) Multi‑generational genetic consequences of reinforcement in a bird metapopulation. Conservation Genetics. volum 21.
2019
- Araya-Ajoy, Yimen; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Kvalnes, Thomas; Rønning, Bernt; Holand, Håkon; Myhre, Ane Marlene; Pärn, Henrik; Jensen, Henrik; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Wright, Jonathan. (2019) Characterizing morphological (co)variation using structural equation models: Body size, allometric relationships and evolvability in a house sparrow metapopulation. Evolution. volum 73 (3).
- Hariohay, Kwaslema Malle; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Fyumagwa, Robert D.; Kideghesho, Jafari; Røskaft, Eivin. (2019) Drivers of conservation crimes in the Rungwa-Kizigo-Muhesi Game Reserves, Central Tanzania. Global Ecology and Conservation. volum 17.
- Mbise, Franco Peniel; Fredriksen, Kari-Elise; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Jackson, Craig Ryan; Fyumagwa, Robert D.; Holmern, Tomas; Fossøy, Frode; Røskaft, Eivin. (2019) Human habituation reduces hyrax flight initiation distance in Serengeti. Ethology. volum 126 (3).
- Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Jensen, Henrik; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Pärn, Henrik; Sæther, Bernt-Erik. (2019) Demographic and genetic and consequences of dispersal in house sparrows. 2019.
- Stokke, Bård Gunnar; Fossøy, Frode; Jackson, Craig Ryan; May, Roelof Frans; Magige, Flora; Ndibalema, Vedasto Gabriel; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Shilereyo, Monica Tembah; Røskaft, Eivin. (2019) DELIVERABLE 2.4. Biodiversity in areas of different land use. 2019.
2018
- Lundregan, Sarah; Hagen, Ingerid Julie; Gohli, Jostein; Niskanen, Alina Katariina; Kemppainen, Petri; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Kvalnes, Thomas; Pärn, Henrik; Rønning, Bernt; Holand, Håkon; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Båtnes, Anna Solvang; Selvik, Linn-Karina M.; Lien, Sigbjørn; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Husby, Arild; Jensen, Henrik. (2018) Inferences of genetic architecture of bill morphology in house sparrow using a high-density SNP array point to a polygenic basis. Molecular Ecology. volum 27 (17).
2017
- Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Skjelseth, Sigrun; Pärn, Henrik; Herfindal, Ivar; Borg Pedersen, Åsa Alexandra; Stokke, Bård Gunnar; Kvalnes, Thomas; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Jensen, Henrik. (2017) Demographic influences of translocated individuals on a resident population of house sparrows. Oikos. volum 126 (10).
2015
- Heggøy, Oddvar; Christensen-Dalsgaard, Signe; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Chastel, Olivier; Bech, Claus. (2015) GPS-loggers influence behaviour and physiology in the black-legged kittiwake Rissa tridactyla. Marine Ecology Progress Series. volum 521.
- Ranke, Peter Sjolte. (2015) House Sparrow Project database documentation. Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics. 2015.
2012
- Antonov, Anton Tinchov; Stokke, Bård Gunnar; Fossøy, Frode; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Liang, Wei; Yang, Canchao; Moksnes, Arne; Shykoff, Jacqui A.; Røskaft, Eivin. (2012) Are cuckoos maximizing egg mimicry by selecting host individuals with better matching egg phenotypes?. PLOS ONE. volum 7 (2).
- Fossøy, Frode; Moksnes, Arne; Røskaft, Eivin; Antonov, Anton Tinchov; Dyrcz, Andrzej; Moskát, Csaba; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Rutila, Jarkko; Vikan, Johan Reinert; Stokke, Bård Gunnar. (2012) Sex Allocation in Relation to Host Races in the Brood-Parasitic Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). PLOS ONE. volum 7 (5).
2010
- Antonov, Anton Tinchov; Stokke, Bård Gunnar; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Fossøy, Frode; Moksnes, Arne; Røskaft, Eivin. (2010) Absence of egg discrimination in a suitable cuckoo Cuculus canorus host breeding away from trees. Journal of Avian Biology. volum 41 (5).
- Antonov, Anton Tinchov; Stokke, Bård Gunnar; Vikan, Johan Reinert; Fossøy, Frode; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Røskaft, Eivin; Moksnes, Arne; Møller, Anders pape; Shykoff, Jacqui A.. (2010) Egg phenotype differentiation in sympatric cuckoo Cuculus canorus gentes. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. volum 23 (6).
Journal publications
- Børresen, Solveig T.; Mwasaga, Rehema Ulimboka; Nyahongo, Julius William; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Skjærvø, Gine Roll; Røskaft, Eivin. (2022) The role of education in biodiversity conservation: Can knowledge and understanding alter locals’ views and attitudes towards ecosystem services?. Environmental Education Research.
- Htay, Thazin; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Røskaft, Eivin; Ranke, Peter Sjolte. (2022) Promoting bird conservation in wetland-associated landscapes: Factors influencing avian crop damage and farmers’ attitudes. Global Ecology and Conservation. volum 38.
- Pepke, Michael Le; Kvalnes, Thomas; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Araya-Ajoy, Yimen; Wright, Jonathan; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Jensen, Henrik; Ringsby, Thor Harald. (2022) Causes and consequences of variation in early-life telomere length in a bird metapopulation. Ecology and Evolution. volum 12 (8).
- Shilereyo, Monica Tembah; Magige, F.; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Ogutu, J.O.; Røskaft, Eivin. (2022) Ectoparasite load of small mammals in the Serengeti Ecosystem: effects of land use, season, host species, age, sex and breeding status. Parasitology Research. volum 121 (3).
- Søraker, Jørgen Skavdal; Stokke, Bård Gunnar; Kleven, Oddmund; Moksnes, Arne; Rudolfsen, Geir; Skjærvø, Gine Roll; Vaagland, Henriette; Røskaft, Eivin; Ranke, Peter Sjolte. (2022) Resident bird species track inter-annual variation in spring phenology better than long-distance migrants in a subalpine habitat. Climate Change Ecology. volum 3.
- Araya-Ajoy, Yimen; Niskanen, Alina Katariina; Froy, Hannah; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Kvalnes, Thomas; Rønning, Bernt; Pepke, Michael Le; Jensen, Henrik; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Wright, Jonathan. (2021) Variation in generation time reveals density regulation as an important driver of pace of life in a bird metapopulation. Ecology Letters. volum 24.
- Heggøy, Oddvar; Aarvak, Tomas; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Solheim, Roar; Øien, Ingar Jostein. (2021) Home Range and Excursive Post-Breeding Movements of Eurasian Eagle-Owls Revealed by GPS Satellite Transmitters. The Journal of raptor research. volum 55 (4).
- Mbise, Franco P.; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Røskaft, Eivin. (2021) Community spatial distance and educational determinants of how local people appreciate conservation benefits around Tarangire and Saadani National Parks, Tanzania. Global Ecology and Conservation. volum 28.
- Mwampeta, Stanslaus Brown; Wilton, Clay M.; Mkasanga, Imani J.; Masinde, Lusato M.; Ranke, Peter S.; Røskaft, Eivin; Fyumagwa, Robert D.; Belant, Jerrold L.. (2021) Lion and spotted hyena distributions within a buffer area of the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem. Scientific Reports. volum 11.
- Nahid, Mominul Islam; Fossøy, Frode; Stokke, Bård Gunnar; Abernathy, Virginia; Begum, Sajeda; Langmore, Naomi E.; Røskaft, Eivin; Ranke, Peter Sjolte. (2021) No evidence of host-specific egg mimicry in Asian koels. PLOS ONE. volum 16 (7).
- Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Araya-Ajoy, Yimen; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Pärn, Henrik; Rønning, Bernt; Jensen, Henrik; Wright, Jonathan; Sæther, Bernt-Erik. (2021) Spatial structure and dispersal dynamics in a house sparrow metapopulation. Journal of Animal Ecology. volum 90.
- Saatoglu, Fikriye Dilan; Niskanen, Alina Katariina; Kuismin, Markku; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Hagen, Ingerid Julie; Araya-Ajoy, Yimen; Kvalnes, Thomas; Pärn, Henrik; Rønning, Bernt; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Husby, Arild; Sillanpää, Mikko J.; Jensen, Henrik. (2021) Dispersal in a house sparrow metapopulation: An integrative case study of genetic assignment calibrated with ecological data and pedigree information. Molecular Ecology. volum 30.
- Jackson, Craig Ryan; Maddox, Thomas M; Mbise, Franco Peniel; Stokke, Bård Gunnar; belant, Jerrold L.; Bevanger, Kjetil Modolv; Durant, Sarah M.; Fyumagwa, R.D.; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Røskaft, Eivin; May, Roelof Frans; Fossøy, Frode. (2020) A dead giveaway: Foraging vultures and other avian scavengers respond to auditory cues. Ecology and Evolution. volum 10.
- Mbise, Franco Peniel; Jackson, Craig Ryan; Lyamuya, Richard; Fyumagwa, Robert D.; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Røskaft, Eivin. (2020) Do carnivore surveys match reports of carnivore presence by pastoralists? A case of the eastern Serengeti ecosystem. Global Ecology and Conservation. volum 24:e01324 (e01324).
- Nahid, Mominul Islam; Fossøy, Frode; Stokke, Bård Gunnar; Begum, Sajeda; Røskaft, Eivin; Ranke, Peter Sjolte. (2020) How does human disturbance affect brood parasitism and nest predation in hosts inhabiting a highly fragmented landscape?. Global Ecology and Conservation. volum 24.
- Niskanen, Alina Katariina; Billing, Anna Maria; Holand, Håkon; Hagen, Ingerid Julie; Araya-Ajoy, Yimen; Husby, Arild; Rønning, Bernt; Myhre, Ane Marlene; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Kvalnes, Thomas; Pärn, Henrik; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Lien, Sigbjørn; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Muff, Stefanie; Jensen, Henrik. (2020) Consistent scaling of inbreeding depression in space and time in a house sparrow metapopulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. volum 117 (25).
- Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Skjelseth, Sigrun; Hagen, Ingerid Julie; Billing, Anna Maria; Borg Pedersen, Åsa Alexandra; Pärn, Henrik; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Jensen, Henrik. (2020) Multi‑generational genetic consequences of reinforcement in a bird metapopulation. Conservation Genetics. volum 21.
- Araya-Ajoy, Yimen; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Kvalnes, Thomas; Rønning, Bernt; Holand, Håkon; Myhre, Ane Marlene; Pärn, Henrik; Jensen, Henrik; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Wright, Jonathan. (2019) Characterizing morphological (co)variation using structural equation models: Body size, allometric relationships and evolvability in a house sparrow metapopulation. Evolution. volum 73 (3).
- Hariohay, Kwaslema Malle; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Fyumagwa, Robert D.; Kideghesho, Jafari; Røskaft, Eivin. (2019) Drivers of conservation crimes in the Rungwa-Kizigo-Muhesi Game Reserves, Central Tanzania. Global Ecology and Conservation. volum 17.
- Mbise, Franco Peniel; Fredriksen, Kari-Elise; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Jackson, Craig Ryan; Fyumagwa, Robert D.; Holmern, Tomas; Fossøy, Frode; Røskaft, Eivin. (2019) Human habituation reduces hyrax flight initiation distance in Serengeti. Ethology. volum 126 (3).
- Lundregan, Sarah; Hagen, Ingerid Julie; Gohli, Jostein; Niskanen, Alina Katariina; Kemppainen, Petri; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Kvalnes, Thomas; Pärn, Henrik; Rønning, Bernt; Holand, Håkon; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Båtnes, Anna Solvang; Selvik, Linn-Karina M.; Lien, Sigbjørn; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Husby, Arild; Jensen, Henrik. (2018) Inferences of genetic architecture of bill morphology in house sparrow using a high-density SNP array point to a polygenic basis. Molecular Ecology. volum 27 (17).
- Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Skjelseth, Sigrun; Pärn, Henrik; Herfindal, Ivar; Borg Pedersen, Åsa Alexandra; Stokke, Bård Gunnar; Kvalnes, Thomas; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Jensen, Henrik. (2017) Demographic influences of translocated individuals on a resident population of house sparrows. Oikos. volum 126 (10).
- Heggøy, Oddvar; Christensen-Dalsgaard, Signe; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Chastel, Olivier; Bech, Claus. (2015) GPS-loggers influence behaviour and physiology in the black-legged kittiwake Rissa tridactyla. Marine Ecology Progress Series. volum 521.
- Antonov, Anton Tinchov; Stokke, Bård Gunnar; Fossøy, Frode; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Liang, Wei; Yang, Canchao; Moksnes, Arne; Shykoff, Jacqui A.; Røskaft, Eivin. (2012) Are cuckoos maximizing egg mimicry by selecting host individuals with better matching egg phenotypes?. PLOS ONE. volum 7 (2).
- Fossøy, Frode; Moksnes, Arne; Røskaft, Eivin; Antonov, Anton Tinchov; Dyrcz, Andrzej; Moskát, Csaba; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Rutila, Jarkko; Vikan, Johan Reinert; Stokke, Bård Gunnar. (2012) Sex Allocation in Relation to Host Races in the Brood-Parasitic Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). PLOS ONE. volum 7 (5).
- Antonov, Anton Tinchov; Stokke, Bård Gunnar; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Fossøy, Frode; Moksnes, Arne; Røskaft, Eivin. (2010) Absence of egg discrimination in a suitable cuckoo Cuculus canorus host breeding away from trees. Journal of Avian Biology. volum 41 (5).
- Antonov, Anton Tinchov; Stokke, Bård Gunnar; Vikan, Johan Reinert; Fossøy, Frode; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Røskaft, Eivin; Moksnes, Arne; Møller, Anders pape; Shykoff, Jacqui A.. (2010) Egg phenotype differentiation in sympatric cuckoo Cuculus canorus gentes. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. volum 23 (6).
Report/dissertation
- Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Jensen, Henrik; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Pärn, Henrik; Sæther, Bernt-Erik. (2019) Demographic and genetic and consequences of dispersal in house sparrows. 2019.
- Stokke, Bård Gunnar; Fossøy, Frode; Jackson, Craig Ryan; May, Roelof Frans; Magige, Flora; Ndibalema, Vedasto Gabriel; Ranke, Peter Sjolte; Shilereyo, Monica Tembah; Røskaft, Eivin. (2019) DELIVERABLE 2.4. Biodiversity in areas of different land use. 2019.
PRODUKT
- Ranke, Peter Sjolte. (2015) House Sparrow Project database documentation. Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics. 2015.
Media
2020
- Ranke, Peter Sjolte. (2020) Sånn lærer du noen av vårfuglene. Gemini [Internett]. 2020-04-09.
2018
- Ranke, Peter Sjolte. (2018) Den veier 30 gram og fløy 12 mil over åpent hav: – Det er helt unikt. https://www.nrk.no/nordland/ [Internett]. 2018-06-26.
2016
- Fugelsnes, Tove; Ranke, Peter Sjolte. (2016) Naturens verden 24.01.2016. NRK [Radio]. 2016-01-24.
2015
- Ranke, Peter Sjolte. (2015) Lær deg fem av fuglesangene. http://forskning.no/fugler/2015/05/slik-laerer-du-deg-5-av-v [Internett]. 2015-05-19.
- Ranke, Peter Sjolte. (2015) Slik lærer du deg fem av vårfuglene. http://gemini.no/2015/05/slik-laerer-du-deg-5-av-varfuglene/ [Internett]. 2015-05-18.
- Ranke, Peter Sjolte. (2015) Slik lærer du deg fem av vårfuglene. http://www.abcnyheter.no/nyheter/2015/05/18/194406826/slik-l [Internett]. 2015-05-18.
- Sørensen, Lise; Ranke, Peter Sjolte. (2015) Slik lærer du deg fem av vårfuglene. http://www.nrk.no/trondelag/slik-laerer-du-deg-fem-av-varfug [Internett]. 2015-05-18.