Erik Aleksander Veitch
Skippergata 14 B, 2. etasje, Nyhavna, Trondheim
About
I am Co-founder and Scientific Manager of the NTNU Shore Control Lab, where we design maritime technology using human-centered approaches.
My research focuses on human-machine interaction, remote operation, and situation awareness in maritime systems. I am passionate about good experimental design for user testing.
Some highlights:
- Project manager in Autoteaming (NFR, 2023-2027), co-supervising two PhDs
- PhD thesis "Designing for Land-based Control of Autonomous Ships" (2023)
- Design group lead in Autoferry (NTNU, 2018-2023)
- Co-supervised many Master's students from ID and IDI
Background:
- PhD Industrial Design Engineering from NTNU (2023)
- Master's Degree Ocean and Naval Architectural Engineering from Memorial Unversity of Newfoundland (2018)
- Four years of industry experience in naval architecture, marine hydrodynamics, and marine technology development in Canada, UK, and USA (2016)
Publications
2025
-
Tufte, Andreas Gudahl;
Gusev, Alexey;
Erlandsen, Magne Johannes;
Breivik, Morten;
Petermann, Felix-Marcel;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander.
(2025)
A Path Following Guidance Law for Shared Control.
IFAC-PapersOnLine
Academic article
-
Gusev, Alexey;
Tufte, Andreas Gudahl;
Petermann, Felix-Marcel;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Alsos, Ole Andreas;
Breivik, Morten.
(2025)
Situation Awareness by Design: A Human-Centered Workstation for Teleoperated Vessels.
Journal of Physics: Conference Series (JPCS)
Academic article
-
Alsos, Ole Andreas;
Saghafian, Mina;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Sitompul, Taufik Akbar;
Petermann, Felix-Marcel;
Papachristou, Eleftherios.
(2025)
Mind the Kayak! Informing UX Design of Autonomous Vehicles through Edge Case Testing in the Field.
Academic chapter/article/Conference paper
-
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Sitompul, Taufik Akbar;
Alsos, Ole Andreas.
(2025)
Dataset on passenger experience after riding an autonomous ferry.
Data in Brief
Academic article
-
Eide, Egil Sverre;
Breivik, Morten;
Brekke, Edmund Førland;
Eriksen, Bjørn-Olav Holtung;
Wilthil, Erik Falmår;
Helgesen, Øystein Kaarstad.
(2025)
The Autonomous Urban Passenger Ferry milliAmpere2: Design and Testing.
Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering
Academic article
2024
-
Alsos, Ole Andreas;
Saghafian, Mina;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Petermann, Felix-Marcel;
Sitompul, Taufik Akbar;
Park, Jooyoung.
(2024)
Erfaringer fra prøvedriften av en selvkjørende byferge:
Implikasjoner og anbefalinger for en selvkjørende fergetjeneste i Trondheim.
Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet
Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet
Report
-
Alsos, Ole Andreas;
Saghafian, Mina;
Veitch, Erik;
Petermann, Felix-Marcel;
Sitompul, Taufik Akbar;
Park, Jooyoung.
(2024)
Lessons learned from the trial operation of an autonomous urban passenger ferry.
Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives (TRIP)
Academic article
-
Alsos, Ole Andreas;
Steen-Johnsen, Ferdinand;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander.
(2024)
Exploring Coastal Norway:
An Interactive Approach to Enhance Educational Tourism on Cruises.
Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet
Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet
Masters thesis
-
Cheng, Tingting;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Utne, Ingrid Bouwer;
Ramos, Marilia Abilio;
Mosleh, Ali;
Alsos, Ole Andreas.
(2024)
Analysis of human errors in human-autonomy collaboration in autonomous ships operations through shore control experimental data.
Reliability Engineering & System Safety
Academic article
-
Meland, Ådne;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Petermann, Felix-Marcel.
(2024)
Design Research and Concept of Silent Alarms.
NTNU
NTNU
Masters thesis
-
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Alsos, Ole Andreas;
Cheng, Tingting;
Senderud, Kristine;
Utne, Ingrid Bouwer.
(2024)
Human factor influences on supervisory control of remotely operated and autonomous vessels.
Ocean Engineering
Academic article
-
Petermann, Felix-Marcel;
Alsos, Ole Andreas;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Eide, Egil Sverre;
Breivik, Morten.
(2024)
Touchpoints and systems for unmanned autonomous urban ferry operation.
Journal of Physics: Conference Series (JPCS)
Academic article
-
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Alsos, Ole Andreas.
(2024)
Boredom, vigilance, and repetition during remote control room work for autonomous ships.
Journal of Physics: Conference Series (JPCS)
Academic article
-
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Alsos, Ole Andreas;
Saghafian, Mina;
Petermann, Felix-Marcel;
Sitompul, Taufik Akbar;
Park, Jooyoung.
(2024)
Dataset on passenger acceptance during autonomous ferry public trials: Questionnaires and interviews.
Data in Brief
Academic article
2023
-
Soper, Jonathan;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Thistle, Rebecca;
Smith, Jennifer;
Veitch, Brian.
(2023)
An Analysis of Factors Influencing Ice Management Performance in an Experimental Marine Simulator and Their Application to Decision Support System Design.
Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering
Academic article
-
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Alsos, Ole Andreas.
(2023)
Gorillas on a boat: Inattentional blindness during supervisory control of autonomous vessels.
Journal of Physics: Conference Series (JPCS)
Academic article
2022
-
Mallam, Steven;
Nordby, Kjetil;
Merwe, Gertjan Koen Van de;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Nazir, Salman;
Veitch, Brian.
(2022)
Empathy from Afar? Towards Empathy for Future Maritime Designers and Remote Operators.
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting.
Academic article
-
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Dybvik, Henrikke;
Steinert, Martin;
Alsos, Ole Andreas.
(2022)
Collaborative Work with Highly Automated Marine Navigation Systems.
Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)
Academic article
-
Brekke, Edmund Førland;
Eide, Egil;
Eriksen, Bjørn-Olav Holtung;
Wilthil, Erik Falmår;
Breivik, Morten;
Skjellaug, Even.
(2022)
milliAmpere: An Autonomous Ferry Prototype.
Journal of Physics: Conference Series (JPCS)
Academic article
-
Hanssen, Mikael Røsbak;
Dahl, Yngve;
Alsos, Ole Andreas;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander.
(2022)
Developing a video game for research and prototyping of unmanned maritime vessels.
Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet
Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet
Masters thesis
-
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Christensen, Kim Alexander;
Log, Markus Metallinos;
Valestrand, Erik Thule;
Lundheim, Sigurd Hilmo;
Nesse, Martin.
(2022)
From captain to button-presser: operators’ perspectives on
navigating highly automated ferries.
Journal of Physics: Conference Series (JPCS)
Academic article
-
Hoem, Åsa Snilstveit;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Vasstein, Kjetil.
(2022)
Human-centred risk assessment for a land-based control interface for an autonomous vessel.
WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs (JoMA)
Academic article
-
Alsos, Ole Andreas;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Pantelatos, Leander Spyridon;
Vasstein, Kjetil;
Eide, Egil;
Petermann, Felix-Marcel.
(2022)
NTNU Shore Control Lab: Designing shore control centres in the age of autonomous ships.
Journal of Physics: Conference Series (JPCS)
Academic article
-
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Alsos, Ole Andreas.
(2022)
A systematic review of human-AI interaction in autonomous ship systems.
Safety Science
Academic article
-
Fossum, Knut Robert;
Honoré-Livermore, Evelyn;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Haskins, Cecilia;
Palmer, Erika.
(2022)
Toward an integrated project complexity narrative – A case study of academic organizations.
Systems Engineering
Academic article
2021
-
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Kaland, Thomas Colin Guo;
Alsos, Ole Andreas.
(2021)
Design for Resilient Human-System Interaction in Autonomy: The Case of a Shore Control Centre for Unmanned Ships.
Proceedings of the Design Society
Academic article
-
Honoré-Livermore, Evelyn;
Fossum, Knut Robert;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander.
(2021)
Academics' perception of systems engineering and applied research projects.
Systems Engineering
Academic article
-
Veitch, Erik;
Alsos, Ole Andreas.
(2021)
Human-centered explainable artificial intelligence for marine autonomous surface vehicles.
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE)
Academic article
2020
-
Dybvik, Henrikke;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Steinert, Martin.
(2020)
Exploring Challenges with Designing and Developing Shore Control Centres (SCCs) for Autonomous Ships.
Proceedings of the Design Society: DESIGN Conference
Academic article
Journal publications
-
Tufte, Andreas Gudahl;
Gusev, Alexey;
Erlandsen, Magne Johannes;
Breivik, Morten;
Petermann, Felix-Marcel;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander.
(2025)
A Path Following Guidance Law for Shared Control.
IFAC-PapersOnLine
Academic article
-
Gusev, Alexey;
Tufte, Andreas Gudahl;
Petermann, Felix-Marcel;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Alsos, Ole Andreas;
Breivik, Morten.
(2025)
Situation Awareness by Design: A Human-Centered Workstation for Teleoperated Vessels.
Journal of Physics: Conference Series (JPCS)
Academic article
-
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Sitompul, Taufik Akbar;
Alsos, Ole Andreas.
(2025)
Dataset on passenger experience after riding an autonomous ferry.
Data in Brief
Academic article
-
Eide, Egil Sverre;
Breivik, Morten;
Brekke, Edmund Førland;
Eriksen, Bjørn-Olav Holtung;
Wilthil, Erik Falmår;
Helgesen, Øystein Kaarstad.
(2025)
The Autonomous Urban Passenger Ferry milliAmpere2: Design and Testing.
Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering
Academic article
-
Alsos, Ole Andreas;
Saghafian, Mina;
Veitch, Erik;
Petermann, Felix-Marcel;
Sitompul, Taufik Akbar;
Park, Jooyoung.
(2024)
Lessons learned from the trial operation of an autonomous urban passenger ferry.
Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives (TRIP)
Academic article
-
Cheng, Tingting;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Utne, Ingrid Bouwer;
Ramos, Marilia Abilio;
Mosleh, Ali;
Alsos, Ole Andreas.
(2024)
Analysis of human errors in human-autonomy collaboration in autonomous ships operations through shore control experimental data.
Reliability Engineering & System Safety
Academic article
-
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Alsos, Ole Andreas;
Cheng, Tingting;
Senderud, Kristine;
Utne, Ingrid Bouwer.
(2024)
Human factor influences on supervisory control of remotely operated and autonomous vessels.
Ocean Engineering
Academic article
-
Petermann, Felix-Marcel;
Alsos, Ole Andreas;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Eide, Egil Sverre;
Breivik, Morten.
(2024)
Touchpoints and systems for unmanned autonomous urban ferry operation.
Journal of Physics: Conference Series (JPCS)
Academic article
-
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Alsos, Ole Andreas.
(2024)
Boredom, vigilance, and repetition during remote control room work for autonomous ships.
Journal of Physics: Conference Series (JPCS)
Academic article
-
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Alsos, Ole Andreas;
Saghafian, Mina;
Petermann, Felix-Marcel;
Sitompul, Taufik Akbar;
Park, Jooyoung.
(2024)
Dataset on passenger acceptance during autonomous ferry public trials: Questionnaires and interviews.
Data in Brief
Academic article
-
Soper, Jonathan;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Thistle, Rebecca;
Smith, Jennifer;
Veitch, Brian.
(2023)
An Analysis of Factors Influencing Ice Management Performance in an Experimental Marine Simulator and Their Application to Decision Support System Design.
Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering
Academic article
-
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Alsos, Ole Andreas.
(2023)
Gorillas on a boat: Inattentional blindness during supervisory control of autonomous vessels.
Journal of Physics: Conference Series (JPCS)
Academic article
-
Mallam, Steven;
Nordby, Kjetil;
Merwe, Gertjan Koen Van de;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Nazir, Salman;
Veitch, Brian.
(2022)
Empathy from Afar? Towards Empathy for Future Maritime Designers and Remote Operators.
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting.
Academic article
-
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Dybvik, Henrikke;
Steinert, Martin;
Alsos, Ole Andreas.
(2022)
Collaborative Work with Highly Automated Marine Navigation Systems.
Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)
Academic article
-
Brekke, Edmund Førland;
Eide, Egil;
Eriksen, Bjørn-Olav Holtung;
Wilthil, Erik Falmår;
Breivik, Morten;
Skjellaug, Even.
(2022)
milliAmpere: An Autonomous Ferry Prototype.
Journal of Physics: Conference Series (JPCS)
Academic article
-
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Christensen, Kim Alexander;
Log, Markus Metallinos;
Valestrand, Erik Thule;
Lundheim, Sigurd Hilmo;
Nesse, Martin.
(2022)
From captain to button-presser: operators’ perspectives on
navigating highly automated ferries.
Journal of Physics: Conference Series (JPCS)
Academic article
-
Hoem, Åsa Snilstveit;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Vasstein, Kjetil.
(2022)
Human-centred risk assessment for a land-based control interface for an autonomous vessel.
WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs (JoMA)
Academic article
-
Alsos, Ole Andreas;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Pantelatos, Leander Spyridon;
Vasstein, Kjetil;
Eide, Egil;
Petermann, Felix-Marcel.
(2022)
NTNU Shore Control Lab: Designing shore control centres in the age of autonomous ships.
Journal of Physics: Conference Series (JPCS)
Academic article
-
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Alsos, Ole Andreas.
(2022)
A systematic review of human-AI interaction in autonomous ship systems.
Safety Science
Academic article
-
Fossum, Knut Robert;
Honoré-Livermore, Evelyn;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Haskins, Cecilia;
Palmer, Erika.
(2022)
Toward an integrated project complexity narrative – A case study of academic organizations.
Systems Engineering
Academic article
-
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Kaland, Thomas Colin Guo;
Alsos, Ole Andreas.
(2021)
Design for Resilient Human-System Interaction in Autonomy: The Case of a Shore Control Centre for Unmanned Ships.
Proceedings of the Design Society
Academic article
-
Honoré-Livermore, Evelyn;
Fossum, Knut Robert;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander.
(2021)
Academics' perception of systems engineering and applied research projects.
Systems Engineering
Academic article
-
Veitch, Erik;
Alsos, Ole Andreas.
(2021)
Human-centered explainable artificial intelligence for marine autonomous surface vehicles.
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE)
Academic article
-
Dybvik, Henrikke;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Steinert, Martin.
(2020)
Exploring Challenges with Designing and Developing Shore Control Centres (SCCs) for Autonomous Ships.
Proceedings of the Design Society: DESIGN Conference
Academic article
Part of book/report
-
Alsos, Ole Andreas;
Saghafian, Mina;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Sitompul, Taufik Akbar;
Petermann, Felix-Marcel;
Papachristou, Eleftherios.
(2025)
Mind the Kayak! Informing UX Design of Autonomous Vehicles through Edge Case Testing in the Field.
Academic chapter/article/Conference paper
Report
-
Alsos, Ole Andreas;
Saghafian, Mina;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Petermann, Felix-Marcel;
Sitompul, Taufik Akbar;
Park, Jooyoung.
(2024)
Erfaringer fra prøvedriften av en selvkjørende byferge:
Implikasjoner og anbefalinger for en selvkjørende fergetjeneste i Trondheim.
Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet
Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet
Report
-
Alsos, Ole Andreas;
Steen-Johnsen, Ferdinand;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander.
(2024)
Exploring Coastal Norway:
An Interactive Approach to Enhance Educational Tourism on Cruises.
Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet
Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet
Masters thesis
-
Meland, Ådne;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander;
Petermann, Felix-Marcel.
(2024)
Design Research and Concept of Silent Alarms.
NTNU
NTNU
Masters thesis
-
Hanssen, Mikael Røsbak;
Dahl, Yngve;
Alsos, Ole Andreas;
Veitch, Erik Aleksander.
(2022)
Developing a video game for research and prototyping of unmanned maritime vessels.
Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet
Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet
Masters thesis
Teaching
Courses
Outreach
2025
-
Academic lectureAlsos, Ole Andreas; Saghafian, Mina; Veitch, Erik Aleksander; Sitompul, Taufik Akbar; Petermann, Felix-Marcel; Papachristos, Eleftherios. (2025) Mind the Kayak! Informing UX Design of Autonomous Vehicles through Edge Case Testing in the Field. The 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems , PACIFICO Yokohama 2025-04-25 - 2025-04-30
-
LectureTufte, Andreas Gudahl; Gusev, Alexey; Petermann, Felix-Marcel; Alsos, Ole Andreas; Veitch, Erik Aleksander; Breivik, Morten. (2025) New prototype of remote operating center with immersive workstation, perception and intuitive human-machine shared control: Live demo. Nordic FiveTech visit , NTNU Shore Control Lab 2025-05-05 - 2025-05-05
-
Academic lectureVeitch, Erik Aleksander; Alsos, Ole Andreas. (2025) Academic research in remote and autonomous systems. HFC Canada , Holyrood 2025-10-07 - 2025-10-08
-
LectureAlsos, Ole Andreas; Petermann, Felix-Marcel; Veitch, Erik Aleksander; Gusev, Alexey; Tufte, Andreas Gudahl. (2025) Visit of Massimo Banzi (Arduino). Presentation of NTNU Shore Control Lab (SCL) , NTNU Shore Control Lab (SCL) 2025-09-24 -
-
LectureVeitch, Erik Aleksander; Alsos, Ole Andreas; Gusev, Alexey; Petermann, Felix-Marcel. (2025) Visit national sustainability Commitee. Presentation of NTNU Shore Control Lab (SCL) , NTNU Shore Control Lab (SCL) 2025-09-10 - 2025-09-10
2024
-
LectureVeitch, Erik Aleksander; Simic, Vedran. (2024) Presentation of NTNU Shore Control to delegation from Croatian maritime authority and ministry of transportation. Ocean Autonomy Cluster , Trondheim 2024-11-28 - 2024-11-28
-
LectureVeitch, Erik Aleksander; Eide, Egil Sverre. (2024) Presentation of NTNU Shore Control Lab and Radar Network. Visit by Furuno Japan during Nor-Shipping 2024-08-23 - 2024-08-23
-
LectureAlsos, Ole Andreas; Veitch, Erik Aleksander; Petermann, Felix-Marcel. (2024) Presentation of NTNU Shore Control Lab. International Conference on Autonomous Maritime Surface Ships (ICMASS) , Trondheim 2024-10-28 - 2024-10-28
-
Academic lectureVeitch, Erik Aleksander; Gusev, Alexey. (2024) Presentation of Shore Control Lab and 5G Remote Operations. Tour for Havforskningsinstituttet , Trondheim 2024-09-26 - 2024-09-26
-
Academic lectureVeitch, Erik Aleksander. (2024) Being backup is hard work: Experimental results from a simulated Remote Operating Centre for autonomous vessels. DNV Nordic Maritime Universities Workshop , Helsinki 2024-01-25 - 2024-01-26
-
LectureVeitch, Erik Aleksander. (2024) Presentation of NTNU Shore Control Lab to Poseidon Simulation AS. Ocean Autonomy Cluster , Trondheim 2024-11-29 - 2024-11-29
-
Academic lectureVeitch, Erik Aleksander; Gusev, Alexey; Tufte, Andreas Gudahl; Petermann, Felix-Marcel; Hinostroza, Miguel. (2024) Demonstration of live tele-drive of urban ferry during conference presentation "Boredom, vigilance, and repetition during remote control room work for autonomous ships". 6th International Conference on Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship (ICMASS) 2024 , Scandic Nidelven, Trondheim 2024-10-30 - 2024-10-30
2023
-
Academic lectureAlsos, Ole Andreas; Veitch, Erik Aleksander; Petermann, Felix-Marcel; Sitompul, Taufik Akbar; Porathe, Stig Thomas; Braseth, Alf Ove. (2023) Presentation of the Shore Control Lab (SCL) and Lashfire. Seminar: Designing for Landbased Control of Autonomous Ship , NTNU Nyhavna 2023-09-17 - 2023-09-17
-
Academic lectureAlsos, Ole Andreas; Petermann, Felix-Marcel; Saghafian, Mina; Sitompul, Taufik Akbar; Porathe, Stig Thomas; Aminoff, Hedvig. (2023) Presentation of the Shore Control Lab (SCL) and Lashfire. Seminar: Maritime Human Factors , NTNU Nyhavna 2023-06-08 - 2023-06-08
-
Academic lectureEide, Egil Sverre; Breivik, Morten; Brekke, Edmund Førland; Eriksen, Bjørn-Olav Holtung; Wilthil, Erik Falmår; Thyri, Emil Hjelseth. (2023) Development and operation of the autonomous urban passenger ferry milliampere2. ICMASS 2023 , Rotterdam 2023-11-07 - 2023-11-09
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LectureWennersberg, Lars Andreas Lien; Holte, Even Ambros; Veitch, Erik Aleksander; Alsos, Ole Andreas. (2023) A system architecture definition for remote operations of autonomous passenger vessels. The 5th International Conference on Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship - ICMASS 2023 , Rotterdam 2023-11-08 - 2023-11-09
2022
-
LectureVeitch, Erik Aleksander; Petermann, Felix-Marcel; Alsos, Ole Andreas. (2022) Presentation of the Shore Control Lab and LASH FIRE. Visit from Japanese students , Trondheim 2022-09-01 - 2022-09-01
2021
-
InterviewAlsos, Ole Andreas; Lundteigen, Mary Ann; Eide, Egil; Veitch, Erik Aleksander. (2021) Tar kontroll over førerløse fartøy til havs. Gemini Gemini [Journal] 2021-02-24
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InterviewLundteigen, Mary Ann; Eide, Egil; Alsos, Ole Andreas; Veitch, Erik Aleksander. (2021) Interview: Developing Command and Control for Unamnned Vessels. The Maritime Executive The Maritime Executive [Journal] 2021-04-25
2020
-
Academic lectureVeitch, Erik Aleksander; Hynnekleiv, Agnieszka Urszula; Lützhöft, Margareta Holtensdotter. (2020) The operator's stake in shore control centre design: a stakeholder analysis for autonomous ships. RINA Human Factors , London 2020-02-19 - 2020-02-20