Paul Lee

About

Bio

I am a Postdoctoral Fellow specializing in risk-informed decision making for autonomous ships during safety-critical operations. My expertise lies in applying artificial intelligence techniques, such as deep reinforcement learning, for robust, sophisticated, and safe decision-making. My research interests include but are not limited to online risk modeling; explainable, controllable, and human-in-the-loop AI; decentralized robots; cyber-security; high-fidelity digital twins; and verification \& validation of autonomous systems.

Research

Postdoctoral Research | August 2024 - current

Work package: Safety & Assurance
Project: SFI AutoShip
Research group: The Risk Group
Supervisor: Ingrid Bouwer Utne, Ekaterina Kim

Doctor of Philosophy Research | February 2020 - August 2024

Project: AUTOSHIP
Research group: Maritime Safety Research Group (MSRC)
Supervisors: Gerasimos Theotokatos, Evangelos Boulougouris

Research Groups

SFI Autoship

SFI Autoship is an 8-year research-based innovation centre that will contribute to Norwegian players taking a leading role in the development of autonomous ships for safe and sustainable operations.

AUTOSHIP

AUTOSHIP – Autonomous Shipping Initiative for European Waters – aims at speeding-up the transition towards a next generation of autonomous ships in EU.

Publications

Robust decision-making for the reactive collision avoidance of autonomous ships against various perception sensor noise levels

This study aims to develop a methodology to enhance the robustness of decision-making for the reactive collision avoidance of autonomous ships against various perception sensor noise levels.

Risk-informed collision avoidance system design for maritime autonomous surface ships

This study aims to develop a methodology to conduct the risk-informed design for the Collision Avoidance System (CAS) of MASSs.

Summary of Published Work

Robust decision making: paper 2
Risk-informed design of autonomous systems: paper 1

List of Published Work

2025

Lee, Paul; Kim, Ekaterina. (2025) Towards robust deep reinforcement learning agent for the path following of autonomous ships amid perception sensor noise. Proceedings of the 35th European Safety and Reliability & the 33rd Society for Risk Analysis Europe Conference
Academic article
Grimstad, Joachim; Correa-Jullian, Camila; Dugan, Spencer August; Lee, Paul; Ramos, Marilia Abilio; Thieme, Christoph Alexander. (2025) Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Autonomous Systems Safety.
Other

Journal publications

Lee, Paul; Kim, Ekaterina. (2025) Towards robust deep reinforcement learning agent for the path following of autonomous ships amid perception sensor noise. Proceedings of the 35th European Safety and Reliability & the 33rd Society for Risk Analysis Europe Conference
Academic article

Part of book/report

Grimstad, Joachim; Correa-Jullian, Camila; Dugan, Spencer August; Lee, Paul; Ramos, Marilia Abilio; Thieme, Christoph Alexander. (2025) Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Autonomous Systems Safety.
Other

Teaching

Marine Engineering with Specialisation in Autonomous Marine Vehicles | 2021

Topic: Autonomous Marine Vehicles & Digital Twin \ Guidance, Navigation, and Control \ Trajectory tracking and manoeuvring control
Course level: Master of Sciences (MSc)
Naval Architecture, Ocean, and Marine Engineering (NAOME), University of Strathclyde

Språkvelger

About

Research

SFI Autoship

AUTOSHIP

Publications

Robust decision-making for the reactive collision avoidance of autonomous ships against various perception sensor noise levels

Risk-informed collision avoidance system design for maritime autonomous surface ships

2025

Journal publications

Part of book/report

Teaching

Outreach

Korean-Scandinavian Scientists and Engineers Association (KSSEA)

Språkvelger

Paul Lee

Paul Lee

About

Competencies

Research

SFI Autoship

AUTOSHIP

Publications

Robust decision-making for the reactive collision avoidance of autonomous ships against various perception sensor noise levels

Risk-informed collision avoidance system design for maritime autonomous surface ships

2025

Journal publications

Part of book/report

Teaching

Outreach

Korean-Scandinavian Scientists and Engineers Association (KSSEA)