Course content

Geodesy / Land Surveying: Horizontal coordinate and height reference systems, datums, and the geoid. Classical and modern land surveying instruments (such as total stations and levelling instruments) and their measurement methods.

Satellite geodesy (GNSS/GPS): system description and real-time RTK measurement techniques. Calculations for single-point determination and the application of mathematical and statistical methods in geomatics. Transformations between coordinate systems.

Photogrammetry: Definition and fundamental concepts. Photogrammetric imagery and image characteristics. Introduction to perspective transformations and the reconstruction of stereoscopic models. Map compilation. A basic introduction to laser scanning and the use of drones for mapping is also provided, including both theoretical background and practical demonstrations. Prior to mapping an area, GPS/GNSS measurements are used to establish control point networks with millimeter-level accuracy. These control points are marked so they can be identified in images. In the photogrammetry part of the course, drones (RPAS - Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems) may be used to capture images of a test field. The overlapping images are geo-referenced and linked together into spatial stereo models. From these models, 3D data suitable for GIS or BIM applications can be produced. Geometric accuracy assessments are carried out for all stages, from the initial GPS measurements to the final 3D data processing.

Learning outcome

Knowledge:

Students should have knowledge of:

• Central coordinate and height reference systems used in Norway and internationally
• Methods for transformations between various reference systems, both vertical and horizontal
• The main system structure and measurement methods used in GNSS (GPS) for geo referencing
• Classical and modern surveying instruments and techniques used in land surveying
• Computational and statistical methods applied to tasks within geomatics
• Basic photogrammetric principles, including photograph characteristics, stereo vision and measurements, cameras and instruments for stereo image reconstruction, and map production
• Sensors, satellites, and interpretation methods in remote sensing
• Fundamental principles of laser scanning and the use of drones in mapping.

Skills:

Students are able to:

• Operate and use GNSS equipment for real-time measurements
• Calculate coordinates and heights within Norwegian reference systems using data from total stations and levelling instruments
• Perform basic analysis of accuracy and precision for measured and calculated coordinates and heights
• Orient stereo photographs for stereo viewing
• Collect field data for map production and carry out map construction using stereo instruments, laser data or drone imagery.

General competence:

Students can:

• Understand the fundamentals of land surveying, mapping, satellite geodesy (GNSS), remote sensing, laser scanning, and photogrammetry, as well as the mathematical and statistical foundations of the discipline
• Understand and apply professional terminology within the field
• Work independently and in teams, taking initiative where necessary
• Identify connections between this discipline and other related fields, and demonstrate openness to interdisciplinary approaches and collaboration.

Learning methods and activities

Lectures, calculation and laboratory exercises, and fieldwork. The lectures and assignments are conducted in English, as this course is also available to students in international master’s programmes.

Five obligatory exercises must be approved in order to attend the exam.

Compulsory assignments

• Exercises

Course materials

J. Uren and W.F. Price: "Surveying for Engineers".

Alternatively, in Norwegian: Skogseth and Norberg: "Grunnleggende landmåling" (Basic land surveying).

Compendia published by the department.

Credit reductions