Course content

This course focuses on the relationships between the geomatics sub-disciplines of geodesy, photogrammetry (measurements in images), and GIS, with the overall goal of producing maps using modern technologies. The methods studied are not limited to the production of geographic map data but are also applicable to the creation of 3D objects from images in general.

A key task in geodesy is to define the map coordinate system. Coordinate axes are not physically visible in the terrain but are realized through coordinates assigned to a network of control points, preferably anchored to bedrock. Before mapping an area, GPS/GNSS measurements are used to establish these networks with millimeter-level accuracy. The control points are marked to ensure they can be identified in images.

In the photogrammetry part of the course, drones or RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems) may be used to capture images of a test field. The overlapping images will then be georeferenced and linked to form spatial stereo models. From these models, 3D data suitable for GIS or BIM applications can be produced. Geometric accuracy assessments will be carried out at all stages — from the initial GPS measurements to the final 3D data processing.

Learning outcome

Knowledge: After completing this course, the students should have knowledge of:

• The central coordinate and height reference systems used in Norway and internationally
• The geoid, geoid height model, deflection of the vertical, GNSS and height determination, and the transformations of heights between different height systems
• Observation techniques and data processing methods when using GNSS for geo referencing
• Methods of mathematical statistics and least squares estimation applied to geomatics-related tasks
• Aerial and perspective transformations, stereo reconstruction, aerial photography planning, and aerotriangulation
• Cameras and camera calibration
• Digital photogrammetry

Skills: After completing this course, the students should be able to:

• Operate GNSS equipment for high-accuracy static measurements and perform post- processing GNSS computations
• Calculate coordinates and heights in Norwegian reference systems using GNSS equipment
• Perform analyses of accuracy and precision for measured and computed coordinates and heights
• Reconstruct terrain coordinates from image coordinates and transform these between 3D coordinate systems
• Collect data (through measurements on the photographs) and carry out computations for aerotriangulation.

General competence: After completing this course, the students should be able to:

• Understand both basic and advanced concepts and methods within geodesy/land surveying, satellite geodesy (GNSS), and photogrammetry, as well as their mathematical and statistical foundations
• Use and understand professional terminology within the discipline
• Work independently and collaboratively, taking initiative when needed
• Identify connections between this discipline and other fields, and demonstrate openness to interdisciplinary approaches and cooperation.

Learning methods and activities

The course includes lectures, calculation and laboratory exercises, fieldwork with static GNSS, programming, and the use of existing software tools.

Compulsory assignments

• Exercises

Recommended previous knowledge

Based on the course TBA4231 Applied geomatics.

Course materials

Compendia published by the department and available e-books.

Credit reductions